Table des matières
Version : 2021.01
Dernière mise-à-jour : 2023/02/14 09:22
LCF202 - Gestion des Paquets
Contenu du Module
- LCF202 - Gestion des Paquets
- Contenu du Module
- LAB #1 - Compiler à partir des sources
- ./configure
- make
- make check
- make install
- La commande rpm
- Configuration
- LAB #2 - Utilisation
- La commande yum
- Configuration
- Dépôts
- Utilisation
- La Commande yumdownloader
- LAB #3 - Utiliser la commande yum
- Les Bibliothèques Partagées
- Présentation
- Introduction
- Stockage
- ld-linux.so.2
- La Commande ldd
- Le fichier /etc/ld.so.conf
- La Commande ldconfig
LAB #1 - Compiler à partir des sources
Historiquement il était nécessaire d'installer un logiciel à partir de ses fichiers sources.
Pour comprendre ce qui est la compilation d'un logiciel, commencez par télécharger le logiciel hello :
[root@centos7 ~]# wget https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz --2018-07-16 11:10:26-- https://ftp.gnu.org/gnu/hello/hello-2.1.1.tar.gz Résolution de ftp.gnu.org (ftp.gnu.org)… 208.118.235.20 Connexion à ftp.gnu.org (ftp.gnu.org)|208.118.235.20|:443… connecté. requête HTTP transmise, en attente de la réponse… 200 OK Taille : 389363 (380K) [application/x-gzip] Enregistre : «hello-2.1.1.tar.gz» hello-2.1.1.tar.gz 100%[===========================================================>] 380,24K 946KB/s ds 0,4s 2018-07-16 11:10:27 (946 KB/s) - «hello-2.1.1.tar.gz» enregistré [389363/389363]
Ensuite désarchivez le logiciel :
[root@centos7 ~]# tar xvf hello-2.1.1.tar.gz hello-2.1.1/ hello-2.1.1/intl/ hello-2.1.1/intl/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/intl/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/intl/config.charset hello-2.1.1/intl/locale.alias hello-2.1.1/intl/ref-add.sin hello-2.1.1/intl/ref-del.sin hello-2.1.1/intl/gmo.h hello-2.1.1/intl/gettextP.h hello-2.1.1/intl/hash-string.h hello-2.1.1/intl/plural-exp.h hello-2.1.1/intl/eval-plural.h hello-2.1.1/intl/os2compat.h hello-2.1.1/intl/libgnuintl.h hello-2.1.1/intl/loadinfo.h hello-2.1.1/intl/bindtextdom.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dcgettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dgettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/gettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/finddomain.c hello-2.1.1/intl/loadmsgcat.c hello-2.1.1/intl/localealias.c hello-2.1.1/intl/textdomain.c hello-2.1.1/intl/l10nflist.c hello-2.1.1/intl/explodename.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dcigettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dcngettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/dngettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/ngettext.c hello-2.1.1/intl/plural.y hello-2.1.1/intl/plural-exp.c hello-2.1.1/intl/localcharset.c hello-2.1.1/intl/localename.c hello-2.1.1/intl/osdep.c hello-2.1.1/intl/os2compat.c hello-2.1.1/intl/intl-compat.c hello-2.1.1/intl/plural.c hello-2.1.1/intl/VERSION hello-2.1.1/po/ hello-2.1.1/po/Makefile.in.in hello-2.1.1/po/Makevars hello-2.1.1/po/remove-potcdate.sin hello-2.1.1/po/quot.sed hello-2.1.1/po/boldquot.sed hello-2.1.1/po/en@quot.header hello-2.1.1/po/en@boldquot.header hello-2.1.1/po/insert-header.sin hello-2.1.1/po/Rules-quot hello-2.1.1/po/POTFILES.in hello-2.1.1/po/hello.pot hello-2.1.1/po/ca.po hello-2.1.1/po/da.po hello-2.1.1/po/de.po hello-2.1.1/po/de_DE.po hello-2.1.1/po/el.po hello-2.1.1/po/eo.po hello-2.1.1/po/es.po hello-2.1.1/po/et.po hello-2.1.1/po/fi.po hello-2.1.1/po/fr.po hello-2.1.1/po/gl.po hello-2.1.1/po/he.po hello-2.1.1/po/hr.po hello-2.1.1/po/hu.po hello-2.1.1/po/id.po hello-2.1.1/po/it.po hello-2.1.1/po/ja.po hello-2.1.1/po/ko.po hello-2.1.1/po/lv.po hello-2.1.1/po/nb.po hello-2.1.1/po/nl.po hello-2.1.1/po/nn.po hello-2.1.1/po/pl.po hello-2.1.1/po/pt.po hello-2.1.1/po/pt_BR.po hello-2.1.1/po/ru.po hello-2.1.1/po/sk.po hello-2.1.1/po/sl.po hello-2.1.1/po/sv.po hello-2.1.1/po/tr.po hello-2.1.1/po/uk.po hello-2.1.1/po/ca.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/da.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/de.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/de_DE.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/el.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/eo.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/es.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/et.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/fi.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/fr.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/gl.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/he.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/hr.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/hu.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/id.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/it.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/ja.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/ko.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/lv.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/nb.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/nl.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/nn.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/pl.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/pt.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/pt_BR.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/ru.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/sk.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/sl.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/sv.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/tr.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/uk.gmo hello-2.1.1/po/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/po/LINGUAS hello-2.1.1/README hello-2.1.1/ABOUT-NLS hello-2.1.1/AUTHORS hello-2.1.1/COPYING hello-2.1.1/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/INSTALL hello-2.1.1/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/NEWS hello-2.1.1/THANKS hello-2.1.1/TODO hello-2.1.1/aclocal.m4 hello-2.1.1/config.guess hello-2.1.1/config.h.in hello-2.1.1/config.rpath hello-2.1.1/config.sub hello-2.1.1/configure hello-2.1.1/configure.ac hello-2.1.1/depcomp hello-2.1.1/install-sh hello-2.1.1/missing hello-2.1.1/mkinstalldirs hello-2.1.1/BUGS hello-2.1.1/ChangeLog.O hello-2.1.1/contrib/ hello-2.1.1/contrib/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/contrib/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/contrib/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/contrib/de_franconian_po.txt hello-2.1.1/contrib/evolution.txt hello-2.1.1/contrib/hello.1 hello-2.1.1/doc/ hello-2.1.1/doc/gpl.texi hello-2.1.1/doc/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/doc/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/doc/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/doc/mdate-sh hello-2.1.1/doc/stamp-vti hello-2.1.1/doc/texinfo.tex hello-2.1.1/doc/version.texi hello-2.1.1/doc/hello.texi hello-2.1.1/doc/hello.info hello-2.1.1/src/ hello-2.1.1/src/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/src/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/src/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/src/alloca.c hello-2.1.1/src/hello.c hello-2.1.1/src/version.c hello-2.1.1/src/getopt.c hello-2.1.1/src/getopt1.c hello-2.1.1/src/getopt.h hello-2.1.1/src/system.h hello-2.1.1/man/ hello-2.1.1/man/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/man/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/man/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/man/hello.1 hello-2.1.1/man/help2man hello-2.1.1/m4/ hello-2.1.1/m4/README hello-2.1.1/m4/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/m4/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/m4/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/m4/codeset.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/gettext.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/glibc21.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/iconv.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/isc-posix.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/lcmessage.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-ld.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-link.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/lib-prefix.m4 hello-2.1.1/m4/progtest.m4 hello-2.1.1/tests/ hello-2.1.1/tests/ChangeLog hello-2.1.1/tests/Makefile.am hello-2.1.1/tests/Makefile.in hello-2.1.1/tests/hello-1 hello-2.1.1/tests/world-1 hello-2.1.1/tests/nothing-1
Changez de répertoire :
[root@centos7 ~]# cd hello-2.1.1/
A l'étude du fichier README, celui-ci nous renvoie vers le fichier INSTALL. Visualisez donc ce dernier :
[root@centos7 hello-2.1.1]# more INSTALL Copyright 1994, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. This file is free documentation; the Free Software Foundation gives unlimited permission to copy, distribute and modify it. Basic Installation ================== These are generic installation instructions. The `configure' shell script attempts to guess correct values for various system-dependent variables used during compilation. It uses those values to create a `Makefile' in each directory of the package. It may also create one or more `.h' files containing system-dependent definitions. Finally, it creates a shell script `config.status' that you can run in the future to recreate the current configuration, and a file `config.log' containing compiler output (useful mainly for debugging `configure'). It can also use an optional file (typically called `config.cache' and enabled with `--cache-file=config.cache' or simply `-C') that saves the results of its tests to speed up reconfiguring. (Caching is disabled by default to prevent problems with accidental use of stale cache files.) --Plus--(11%)
La procédure expliquée est celle utilisée pour la plupart des installations manuelles, à savoir la saisie des quatre commandes suivantes.
./configure
Important : configure est un script chargé de créer les makefiles pour une architecture donnée. Les makefiles sont lus par la commande make.
[root@centos7 hello-2.1.1]# ./configure
checking for a BSD-compatible install... /bin/install -c
checking whether build environment is sane... yes
checking for gawk... gawk
checking whether make sets ${MAKE}... yes
checking for gcc... gcc
checking for C compiler default output... a.out
checking whether the C compiler works... yes
checking whether we are cross compiling... no
checking for suffix of executables...
checking for suffix of object files... o
checking whether we are using the GNU C compiler... yes
checking whether gcc accepts -g... yes
checking for style of include used by make... GNU
checking dependency style of gcc... gcc3
checking for strerror in -lcposix... no
checking how to run the C preprocessor... gcc -E
checking for ANSI C header files... yes
checking for sys/types.h... yes
checking for sys/stat.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... yes
checking for string.h... yes
checking for memory.h... yes
checking for strings.h... yes
checking for inttypes.h... yes
checking for stdint.h... yes
checking for unistd.h... yes
checking for string.h... (cached) yes
checking fcntl.h usability... yes
checking fcntl.h presence... yes
checking for fcntl.h... yes
checking sys/file.h usability... yes
checking sys/file.h presence... yes
checking for sys/file.h... yes
checking sys/param.h usability... yes
checking sys/param.h presence... yes
checking for sys/param.h... yes
checking for working alloca.h... yes
checking for alloca... yes
checking for struct stat.st_blksize... yes
checking for msgfmt... /bin/msgfmt
checking for gmsgfmt... /bin/msgfmt
checking for xgettext... /bin/xgettext
checking for msgmerge... /bin/msgmerge
checking build system type... x86_64-unknown-linux
checking host system type... x86_64-unknown-linux
checking for ranlib... ranlib
checking for gcc option to accept ANSI C... none needed
checking for an ANSI C-conforming const... yes
checking for inline... inline
checking for off_t... yes
checking for size_t... yes
checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes
checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes
checking for getpagesize... yes
checking for working mmap... yes
checking whether we are using the GNU C Library 2.1 or newer... yes
checking for ld used by GCC... /bin/ld
checking if the linker (/bin/ld) is GNU ld... yes
checking for shared library run path origin... done
checking for iconv... yes
checking argz.h usability... yes
checking argz.h presence... yes
checking for argz.h... yes
checking limits.h usability... yes
checking limits.h presence... yes
checking for limits.h... yes
checking locale.h usability... yes
checking locale.h presence... yes
checking for locale.h... yes
checking nl_types.h usability... yes
checking nl_types.h presence... yes
checking for nl_types.h... yes
checking malloc.h usability... yes
checking malloc.h presence... yes
checking for malloc.h... yes
checking stddef.h usability... yes
checking stddef.h presence... yes
checking for stddef.h... yes
checking for stdlib.h... (cached) yes
checking for string.h... (cached) yes
checking for unistd.h... (cached) yes
checking for sys/param.h... (cached) yes
checking for feof_unlocked... yes
checking for fgets_unlocked... yes
checking for getc_unlocked... yes
checking for getcwd... yes
checking for getegid... yes
checking for geteuid... yes
checking for getgid... yes
checking for getuid... yes
checking for mempcpy... yes
checking for munmap... yes
checking for putenv... yes
checking for setenv... yes
checking for setlocale... yes
checking for stpcpy... yes
checking for strcasecmp... yes
checking for strdup... yes
checking for strtoul... yes
checking for tsearch... yes
checking for __argz_count... yes
checking for __argz_stringify... yes
checking for __argz_next... yes
checking for iconv declaration...
extern size_t iconv (iconv_t cd, char * *inbuf, size_t *inbytesleft, char * *outbuf, size_t *outbytesleft);
checking for nl_langinfo and CODESET... yes
checking for LC_MESSAGES... yes
checking for bison... no
checking whether NLS is requested... yes
checking whether included gettext is requested... no
checking for GNU gettext in libc... yes
checking for perl... perl
configure: creating ./config.status
config.status: creating Makefile
config.status: creating contrib/Makefile
config.status: creating doc/Makefile
config.status: creating intl/Makefile
config.status: creating man/Makefile
config.status: creating po/Makefile.in
config.status: creating m4/Makefile
config.status: creating src/Makefile
config.status: creating tests/Makefile
config.status: creating config.h
config.status: executing depfiles commands
config.status: executing default-1 commands
config.status: creating po/POTFILES
config.status: creating po/Makefile
config.status: executing default commands
make
Important : make sert à appeler des commandes créant des fichiers nécessaires à l'installation du logiciel.
[root@centos7 hello-2.1.1]# make make all-recursive make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1' Making all in contrib make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib' Making all in doc make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc' Making all in intl make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl' Making all in po make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po' Making all in src make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src' source='hello.c' object='hello.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/hello.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/hello.TPo' \ depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \ gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'hello.c' || echo './'`hello.c source='version.c' object='version.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/version.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/version.TPo' \ depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \ gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'version.c' || echo './'`version.c source='getopt.c' object='getopt.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/getopt.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/getopt.TPo' \ depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \ gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'getopt.c' || echo './'`getopt.c source='getopt1.c' object='getopt1.o' libtool=no \ depfile='.deps/getopt1.Po' tmpdepfile='.deps/getopt1.TPo' \ depmode=gcc3 /bin/sh ../depcomp \ gcc -DLOCALEDIR=\"/usr/local/share/locale\" -DHAVE_CONFIG_H -I. -I. -I.. -I. -I. -I.. -I../intl -I../intl -g -O2 -c `test -f 'getopt1.c' || echo './'`getopt1.c gcc -g -O2 -o hello hello.o version.o getopt.o getopt1.o make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src' Making all in man make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man' perl help2man --name="Friendly Greeting Program" ../src/hello >hello.1 make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man' Making all in m4 make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4' Making all in tests make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests' make[2]: Nothing to be done for `all'. make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests' make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1' make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1' make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make check
Important : make check permet de vérifier si la commande make a bien fonctionné.
[root@centos7 hello-2.1.1]# make check Making check in contrib make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib' make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'. make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib' Making check in doc make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc' make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'. make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc' Making check in intl make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl' make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'. make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl' Making check in po make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po' make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'. make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po' Making check in src make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src' make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'. make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src' Making check in man make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man' make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'. make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man' Making check in m4 make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4' make[1]: Nothing to be done for `check'. make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4' Making check in tests make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests' make check-TESTS make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests' PASS: hello-1 PASS: world-1 PASS: nothing-1 ================== All 3 tests passed ================== make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests' make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests' make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1' make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make install
Important : make install sert à installer le logiciel.
[root@centos7 hello-2.1.1]# make install
Making install in contrib
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/contrib'
Making install in doc
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
/bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/info
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/info
/bin/install -c -m 644 ./hello.info /usr/local/info/hello.info
install-info --info-dir=/usr/local/info /usr/local/info/hello.info
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/doc'
Making install in intl
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
if test "hello" = "gettext" \
&& test '' = 'intl-compat.o'; then \
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/lib /usr/local/include; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 libintl.h /usr/local/include/libintl.h; \
@LIBTOOL@ --mode=install \
/bin/install -c -m 644 libintl.a /usr/local/lib/libintl.a; \
else \
: ; \
fi
if test 'no' = yes; then \
test yes != no || /bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/lib; \
temp=/usr/local/lib/t-charset.alias; \
dest=/usr/local/lib/charset.alias; \
if test -f /usr/local/lib/charset.alias; then \
orig=/usr/local/lib/charset.alias; \
sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \
rm -f $temp; \
else \
if test yes = no; then \
orig=charset.alias; \
sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \
rm -f $temp; \
fi; \
fi; \
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/locale; \
test -f /usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias \
&& orig=/usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias \
|| orig=./locale.alias; \
temp=/usr/local/share/locale/t-locale.alias; \
dest=/usr/local/share/locale/locale.alias; \
sed -f ref-add.sed $orig > $temp; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 $temp $dest; \
rm -f $temp; \
else \
: ; \
fi
if test "hello" = "gettext"; then \
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/gettext/intl; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 VERSION /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/VERSION; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 ChangeLog.inst /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/ChangeLog; \
dists="COPYING.LIB-2.0 COPYING.LIB-2.1 Makefile.in config.charset locale.alias ref-add.sin ref-del.sin gmo.h gettextP.h hash-string.h plural-exp.h eval-plural.h os2compat.h libgnuintl.h loadinfo.h bindtextdom.c dcgettext.c dgettext.c gettext.c finddomain.c loadmsgcat.c localealias.c textdomain.c l10nflist.c explodename.c dcigettext.c dcngettext.c dngettext.c ngettext.c plural.y plural-exp.c localcharset.c localename.c osdep.c os2compat.c intl-compat.c"; \
for file in $dists; do \
/bin/install -c -m 644 ./$file \
/usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \
done; \
chmod a+x /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/config.charset; \
dists="plural.c"; \
for file in $dists; do \
if test -f $file; then dir=.; else dir=.; fi; \
/bin/install -c -m 644 $dir/$file \
/usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \
done; \
dists="xopen-msg.sed linux-msg.sed po2tbl.sed.in cat-compat.c COPYING.LIB-2 gettext.h libgettext.h plural-eval.c"; \
for file in $dists; do \
rm -f /usr/local/share/gettext/intl/$file; \
done; \
else \
: ; \
fi
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/intl'
Making install in po
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES
installing ca.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ca/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES
installing da.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/da/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES
installing de.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/de/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/de_DE/LC_MESSAGES
installing de_DE.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/de_DE/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES
installing el.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/el/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/eo/LC_MESSAGES
installing eo.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/eo/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES
installing es.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/es/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES
installing et.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/et/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES
installing fi.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/fi/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES
installing fr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/fr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES
installing gl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/gl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES
installing he.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/he/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES
installing hr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/hr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES
installing hu.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/hu/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES
installing id.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/id/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES
installing it.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/it/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES
installing ja.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ja/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES
installing ko.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ko/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/lv/LC_MESSAGES
installing lv.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/lv/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES
installing nb.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nb/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES
installing nl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/nn/LC_MESSAGES
installing nn.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/nn/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES
installing pl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES
installing pt.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pt/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES
installing pt_BR.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/pt_BR/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES
installing ru.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/ru/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES
installing sk.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sk/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES
installing sl.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sl/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES
installing sv.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/sv/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES
installing tr.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/tr/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES
installing uk.gmo as /usr/local/share/locale/uk/LC_MESSAGES/hello.mo
if test "hello" = "gettext"; then \
/bin/sh `case "./mkinstalldirs" in /*) echo "./mkinstalldirs" ;; *) echo ".././mkinstalldirs" ;; esac` /usr/local/share/gettext/po; \
for file in Makefile.in.in Makevars remove-potcdate.sin quot.sed boldquot.sed en@quot.header en@boldquot.header insert-header.sin Rules-quot ; do \
/bin/install -c -m 644 ./$file \
/usr/local/share/gettext/po/$file; \
done; \
else \
: ; \
fi
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/po'
Making install in src
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
/bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/bin
/bin/install -c hello /usr/local/bin/hello
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/src'
Making install in man
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
/bin/sh ../mkinstalldirs /usr/local/man/man1
mkdir -p -- /usr/local/man/man1
/bin/install -c -m 644 ./hello.1 /usr/local/man/man1/hello.1
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/man'
Making install in m4
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/m4'
Making install in tests
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1/tests'
make[1]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[2]: Entering directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-exec-am'.
make[2]: Nothing to be done for `install-data-am'.
make[2]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
make[1]: Leaving directory `/root/hello-2.1.1'
Il convient maintenant de tester le nouveau logiciel :
[root@centos7 hello-2.1.1]# hello Hello, world!
Le logiciel hello a été correctement installé.
La commande rpm
A faire - Placez-vous dans le répertoire personnel de root grâce à la commande cd ~.
Afin de faciliter l'installation, la désinstallation et la gestion des logiciels (appelés paquets), CentOS et Red Hat utilisent un format de fichier de logiciels installables spécifique. Celui-ci s'appelle RPM pour Red Hat Package Manager. La commande utilisée pour manipuler ses paquets s'appelle aussi rpm.
Les options de la commande rpm sont :
[root@centos7 hello-2.1.1]# cd ~
[root@centos7 ~]# rpm --help
Usage: rpm [OPTION...]
Query/Verify package selection options:
-a, --all query/verify all packages
-f, --file query/verify package(s) owning file
-g, --group query/verify package(s) in group
-p, --package query/verify a package file
--pkgid query/verify package(s) with package
identifier
--hdrid query/verify package(s) with header
identifier
--triggeredby query the package(s) triggered by the
package
--whatrequires query/verify the package(s) which require a
dependency
--whatprovides query/verify the package(s) which provide a
dependency
--nomanifest do not process non-package files as
manifests
Query options (with -q or --query):
-c, --configfiles list all configuration files
-d, --docfiles list all documentation files
-L, --licensefiles list all license files
--dump dump basic file information
-l, --list list files in package
--queryformat=QUERYFORMAT use the following query format
-s, --state display the states of the listed files
Verify options (with -V or --verify):
--nofiledigest don't verify digest of files
--nofiles don't verify files in package
--nodeps don't verify package dependencies
--noscript don't execute verify script(s)
Install/Upgrade/Erase options:
--allfiles install all files, even configurations
which might otherwise be skipped
--allmatches remove all packages which match <package>
(normally an error is generated if
<package> specified multiple packages)
--badreloc relocate files in non-relocatable package
-e, --erase=<package>+ erase (uninstall) package
--excludedocs do not install documentation
--excludepath=<path> skip files with leading component <path>
--force short hand for --replacepkgs --replacefiles
-F, --freshen=<packagefile>+ upgrade package(s) if already installed
-h, --hash print hash marks as package installs (good
with -v)
--ignorearch don't verify package architecture
--ignoreos don't verify package operating system
--ignoresize don't check disk space before installing
-i, --install install package(s)
--justdb update the database, but do not modify the
filesystem
--nodeps do not verify package dependencies
--nofiledigest don't verify digest of files
--nocontexts don't install file security contexts
--noorder do not reorder package installation to
satisfy dependencies
--noscripts do not execute package scriptlet(s)
--notriggers do not execute any scriptlet(s) triggered
by this package
--nocollections do not perform any collection actions
--oldpackage upgrade to an old version of the package
(--force on upgrades does this
automatically)
--percent print percentages as package installs
--prefix=<dir> relocate the package to <dir>, if
relocatable
--relocate=<old>=<new> relocate files from path <old> to <new>
--replacefiles ignore file conflicts between packages
--replacepkgs reinstall if the package is already present
--test don't install, but tell if it would work or
not
-U, --upgrade=<packagefile>+ upgrade package(s)
Common options for all rpm modes and executables:
-D, --define='MACRO EXPR' define MACRO with value EXPR
--undefine=MACRO undefine MACRO
-E, --eval='EXPR' print macro expansion of EXPR
--macros=<FILE:...> read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
--nodigest don't verify package digest(s)
--nosignature don't verify package signature(s)
--rcfile=<FILE:...> read <FILE:...> instead of default file(s)
-r, --root=ROOT use ROOT as top level directory (default:
"/")
--dbpath=DIRECTORY use database in DIRECTORY
--querytags display known query tags
--showrc display final rpmrc and macro configuration
--quiet provide less detailed output
-v, --verbose provide more detailed output
--version print the version of rpm being used
Options implemented via popt alias/exec:
--scripts list install/erase scriptlets from
package(s)
--setperms set permissions of files in a package
--setugids set user/group ownership of files in a
package
--conflicts list capabilities this package conflicts
with
--obsoletes list other packages removed by installing
this package
--provides list capabilities that this package provides
--requires list capabilities required by package(s)
--info list descriptive information from package(s)
--changelog list change logs for this package
--xml list metadata in xml
--triggers list trigger scriptlets from package(s)
--last list package(s) by install time, most
recent first
--dupes list duplicated packages
--filesbypkg list all files from each package
--fileclass list file names with classes
--filecolor list file names with colors
--fscontext list file names with security context from
file system
--fileprovide list file names with provides
--filerequire list file names with requires
--filecaps list file names with POSIX1.e capabilities
Help options:
-?, --help Show this help message
--usage Display brief usage message
Configuration
Le fichier de configuration principal de la commande rpm est /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc :
[root@centos7 ~]# more /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc #/*! \page config_rpmrc Default configuration: /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc # \verbatim # # This is a global RPM configuration file. All changes made here will # be lost when the rpm package is upgraded. Any per-system configuration # should be added to /etc/rpmrc, while per-user configuration should # be added to ~/.rpmrc. # ############################################################# # Values for RPM_OPT_FLAGS for various platforms # "fat" binary with both archs, for Darwin optflags: fat -O2 -g -arch i386 -arch ppc optflags: i386 -O2 -g -march=i386 -mtune=i686 optflags: i486 -O2 -g -march=i486 optflags: i586 -O2 -g -march=i586 optflags: i686 -O2 -g -march=i686 optflags: pentium3 -O2 -g -march=pentium3 optflags: pentium4 -O2 -g -march=pentium4 optflags: athlon -O2 -g -march=athlon optflags: geode -Os -g -m32 -march=geode optflags: ia64 -O2 -g --More--(5%)
Ces directives indiquent comment optimiser la construction d'un rpm en fonction du type de processeur retourné par la commande uname -p. Par exemple, la directive buildarchtranslate: athlon: i386 indique que le processus doit utiliser les optimisations i386 lors de la construction d'un src.rpm sur une architecture athlon. Si au contraire il est souhaité que les optimisations athlon soient utilisées, il convient d'inclure la ligne buildarchtranslate: athlon: athlon dans le fichier /etc/rpmrc. En effet lors de la mise à jour du paquet rpm, le fichier /usr/lib/rpm/rpmrc est écrasé. Toute modification des directives de ce fichier doivent être inscrites dans /etc/rpmrc ou dans un fichier ~/.rpmrc spécifique à un utilisateur.
LAB #2 - Utilisation
Afin de connaître la liste des paquets installés sur la machine, il convient de saisir la commande suivante dans une console en tant que root :
[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -qa | more gjs-1.36.1-2.el7.x86_64 mesa-libxatracker-9.2.5-5.20131218.el7.x86_64 gvfs-mtp-1.16.4-7.el7.x86_64 policycoreutils-2.2.5-11.el7.x86_64 setup-2.8.71-4.el7.noarch libXmu-1.1.1-5.1.el7.x86_64 gettext-libs-0.18.2.1-4.el7.x86_64 mousetweaks-3.8.0-3.el7.x86_64 libquvi-0.4.1-5.el7.x86_64 langtable-0.0.13-4.el7.noarch jline-1.0-8.el7.noarch perl-Encode-2.51-7.el7.x86_64 gnome-system-log-3.8.1-5.el7.x86_64 libreport-plugin-ureport-2.1.11-10.el7.centos.x86_64 basesystem-10.0-7.el7.centos.noarch festvox-slt-arctic-hts-0.20061229-28.el7.noarch perl-threads-shared-1.43-6.el7.x86_64 firefox-24.5.0-1.el7.centos.x86_64 sbc-1.0-5.el7.x86_64 tigervnc-license-1.2.80-0.30.20130314svn5065.el7.noarch poppler-utils-0.22.5-6.el7.x86_64 perl-Pod-Simple-3.28-4.el7.noarch systemtap-runtime-2.4-14.el7.x86_64 --More--
Afin de connaître le nombre total de paquets installés sur la machine, utilisez la commande suivante :
[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -qa | wc -l 1194
Imaginons maintenant que vous souhaitez vérifier si un paquet contenant la chaine de caractères setup soit déjà installé sur la machine. Dans ce cas, il convient d'utiliser une commande telle la suivante :
[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -qa | grep setup setup-2.8.71-4.el7.noarch cryptsetup-libs-1.6.3-2.el7.x86_64 cryptsetup-python-1.6.3-2.el7.x86_64 ibus-setup-1.5.3-11.el7.noarch gnome-initial-setup-0.13.1-4.el7.x86_64 cryptsetup-1.6.3-2.el7.x86_64 initial-setup-0.3.9.12-1.el7.x86_64 setuptool-1.19.11-8.el7.x86_64 python-setuptools-0.9.8-3.el7.noarch
Afin de connaître les détails du paquet setup-2.8.71-4.el7.noarch, il convient de saisir la commande suivante :
[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -qi setup Name : setup Version : 2.8.71 Release : 4.el7 Architecture: noarch Install Date: Sun 08 Mar 2015 01:41:33 PM CET Group : System Environment/Base Size : 696310 License : Public Domain Signature : RSA/SHA256, Fri 04 Jul 2014 06:59:13 AM CEST, Key ID 24c6a8a7f4a80eb5 Source RPM : setup-2.8.71-4.el7.src.rpm Build Date : Tue 10 Jun 2014 04:04:36 AM CEST Build Host : worker1.bsys.centos.org Relocations : (not relocatable) Packager : CentOS BuildSystem <http://bugs.centos.org> Vendor : CentOS URL : https://fedorahosted.org/setup/ Summary : A set of system configuration and setup files Description : The setup package contains a set of important system configuration and setup files, such as passwd, group, and profile.
Afin de lister tous les fichiers installés par le paquet concerné, utilisez la commande suivante :
[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -ql setup /etc/aliases /etc/bashrc /etc/csh.cshrc /etc/csh.login /etc/environment /etc/exports /etc/filesystems /etc/fstab /etc/group /etc/gshadow /etc/host.conf /etc/hosts /etc/hosts.allow /etc/hosts.deny /etc/inputrc /etc/motd /etc/passwd /etc/printcap /etc/profile /etc/profile.d /etc/protocols /etc/securetty /etc/services /etc/shadow /etc/shells /usr/share/doc/setup-2.8.71 /usr/share/doc/setup-2.8.71/COPYING /usr/share/doc/setup-2.8.71/uidgid /var/log/lastlog
A l'inverse, si vous connaissez le nom d'un fichier et vous souhaitez savoir quel paquet l'a installé, utilisez la commande suivante :
[root@centos7 ~]# rpm -qf /etc/exports setup-2.8.71-4.el7.noarch
Pour connaître les fichiers modifiés depuis l'installation d'un paquet, utilisez la commande suivante :
# rpm -qV setup [Entrée]
Dans le cas où aucun fichier n'a été modifié, la console n'affiche rien. Dans le cas où les fichiers ont été modifiés, le système vous indique, fichier par fichier, les modifications apportées selon le tableau ci-dessous. Pour plus d'informations utilisez les commandes man et info :
| Lettre ou mot Clé | Description |
|---|---|
| 5 | Contrôle MD5 |
| S | Taille du fichier |
| L | Lien symbolique |
| T | Date de modification |
| D | Périphérique |
| U | Utilisateur propriétaire |
| G | Groupe propriétaire |
| M | Droits d'accès |
| ? | Fichier illisible |
| Manquant | Fichier manquant |
Important : Un paquet rpm est un fichier cpio modifié. Pour pouvoir extraire le contenu d'un src.rpm et explorer l'arborescence utilisé pour construire le paquet, utilisez la commande rpm2cpio paquet.src.rpm | cpio -i –make-directories
La commande yum
Yellow dog Updater, Modified (Yum) est le nom d'un programme utilitaire de gestion de paquets pour le système d'exploitation Linux, créé par Yellow Dog Linux et utilisé par CentOS, Redhat et Fedora. Il est à noter qu'il existe plusieurs interfaces graphiques pour yum, notamment yumex et kyum
Il permet de gérer l'installation et la mise à jour des logiciels installés. C'est une surcouche à RPM gérant les téléchargements et les dépendances, de la même manière que APT pour Debian, urpmi pour Mandriva et zypper pour SLES/openSUSE.
La commande yum prend la forme suivante :
# yum <options> <commande> <paquet(s)> [Entrée]
Les options et commandes de yum sont :
[root@centos7 ~]# yum --help
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Usage: yum [options] COMMAND
List of Commands:
check Check for problems in the rpmdb
check-update Check for available package updates
clean Remove cached data
deplist List a package's dependencies
distribution-synchronization Synchronize installed packages to the latest available versions
downgrade downgrade a package
erase Remove a package or packages from your system
fs Creates filesystem snapshots, or lists/deletes current snapshots.
fssnapshot Creates filesystem snapshots, or lists/deletes current snapshots.
groups Display, or use, the groups information
help Display a helpful usage message
history Display, or use, the transaction history
info Display details about a package or group of packages
install Install a package or packages on your system
langavailable Check available languages
langinfo List languages information
langinstall Install appropriate language packs for a language
langlist List installed languages
langremove Remove installed language packs for a language
list List a package or groups of packages
load-transaction load a saved transaction from filename
makecache Generate the metadata cache
provides Find what package provides the given value
reinstall reinstall a package
repo-pkgs Treat a repo. as a group of packages, so we can install/remove all of them
repolist Display the configured software repositories
search Search package details for the given string
shell Run an interactive yum shell
swap Simple way to swap packages, instead of using shell
update Update a package or packages on your system
update-minimal Works like upgrade, but goes to the 'newest' package match which fixes a problem that affects your system
updateinfo Acts on repository update information
upgrade Update packages taking obsoletes into account
version Display a version for the machine and/or available repos.
Options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-t, --tolerant be tolerant of errors
-C, --cacheonly run entirely from system cache, don't update cache
-c [config file], --config=[config file]
config file location
-R [minutes], --randomwait=[minutes]
maximum command wait time
-d [debug level], --debuglevel=[debug level]
debugging output level
--showduplicates show duplicates, in repos, in list/search commands
-e [error level], --errorlevel=[error level]
error output level
--rpmverbosity=[debug level name]
debugging output level for rpm
-q, --quiet quiet operation
-v, --verbose verbose operation
-y, --assumeyes answer yes for all questions
--assumeno answer no for all questions
--version show Yum version and exit
--installroot=[path] set install root
--enablerepo=[repo] enable one or more repositories (wildcards allowed)
--disablerepo=[repo] disable one or more repositories (wildcards allowed)
-x [package], --exclude=[package]
exclude package(s) by name or glob
--disableexcludes=[repo]
disable exclude from main, for a repo or for
everything
--disableincludes=[repo]
disable includepkgs for a repo or for everything
--obsoletes enable obsoletes processing during updates
--noplugins disable Yum plugins
--nogpgcheck disable gpg signature checking
--disableplugin=[plugin]
disable plugins by name
--enableplugin=[plugin]
enable plugins by name
--skip-broken skip packages with depsolving problems
--color=COLOR control whether color is used
--releasever=RELEASEVER
set value of $releasever in yum config and repo files
--downloadonly don't update, just download
--downloaddir=DLDIR specifies an alternate directory to store packages
--setopt=SETOPTS set arbitrary config and repo options
--bugfix Include bugfix relevant packages, in updates
--security Include security relevant packages, in updates
--advisory=ADVS, --advisories=ADVS
Include packages needed to fix the given advisory, in
updates
--bzs=BZS Include packages needed to fix the given BZ, in
updates
--cves=CVES Include packages needed to fix the given CVE, in
updates
--sec-severity=SEVS, --secseverity=SEVS
Include security relevant packages matching the
severity, in updates
Plugin Options:
Configuration
La configuration principale de yum est effectuée en éditant le fichier /etc/yum.conf :
[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/yum.conf [main] cachedir=/var/cache/yum/$basearch/$releasever keepcache=0 debuglevel=2 logfile=/var/log/yum.log exactarch=1 obsoletes=1 gpgcheck=1 plugins=1 installonly_limit=5 bugtracker_url=http://bugs.centos.org/set_project.php?project_id=23&ref=http://bugs.centos.org/bug_report_page.php?category=yum distroverpkg=centos-release # This is the default, if you make this bigger yum won't see if the metadata # is newer on the remote and so you'll "gain" the bandwidth of not having to # download the new metadata and "pay" for it by yum not having correct # information. # It is esp. important, to have correct metadata, for distributions like # Fedora which don't keep old packages around. If you don't like this checking # interupting your command line usage, it's much better to have something # manually check the metadata once an hour (yum-updatesd will do this). # metadata_expire=90m # PUT YOUR REPOS HERE OR IN separate files named file.repo # in /etc/yum.repos.d # exclude=httpd php mysql
Dépôts
Important : Un dépôt est un lieu de stockage de paquets binaires prêts à installer. Un dépôt peut être le DVD d'installation de la distribution, un dossier sur disque dur ou bien des serveurs distants accessibles par Internet.
Les dépôts de paquets sont spécifiés soit dans le fichier /etc/yum.conf, soit dans un fichier par dépôt stocké dans le répertoire /etc/yum.repos.d :
[root@centos7 ~]# ls /etc/yum.repos.d/ CentOS-Base.repo CentOS-Debuginfo.repo CentOS-Sources.repo CentOS-Vault.repo
Par exemple :
[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS-Base.repo # CentOS-Base.repo # # The mirror system uses the connecting IP address of the client and the # update status of each mirror to pick mirrors that are updated to and # geographically close to the client. You should use this for CentOS updates # unless you are manually picking other mirrors. # # If the mirrorlist= does not work for you, as a fall back you can try the # remarked out baseurl= line instead. # # [base] name=CentOS-$releasever - Base mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=os #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/os/$basearch/ gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 #released updates [updates] name=CentOS-$releasever - Updates mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=updates #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/updates/$basearch/ gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 #additional packages that may be useful [extras] name=CentOS-$releasever - Extras mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=extras #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/extras/$basearch/ gpgcheck=1 gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7 #additional packages that extend functionality of existing packages [centosplus] name=CentOS-$releasever - Plus mirrorlist=http://mirrorlist.centos.org/?release=$releasever&arch=$basearch&repo=centosplus #baseurl=http://mirror.centos.org/centos/$releasever/centosplus/$basearch/ gpgcheck=1 enabled=0 gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-CentOS-7
Utilisation
Les options les plus utilisées de yum sont :
| Option | Description |
|---|---|
| -y | Réponse automatique de oui à toute question posée par yum. |
| -t | Rend yum tolérant de certaines erreurs. Par exemple si deux paquets sont installés en même temps, une erreur de l'installation du premier paquet ne va pas arrêter l'installation du deuxième. |
| - -exclude=<nom paquet> | Exclue le paquet indiqué de la transaction en cours |
Les commandes les plus utilisées de yum sont :
| Commande | Description |
|---|---|
| install | Installer un ou plusieurs paquets. |
| update | Mettre à jour un ou plusieurs paquets. Sans nom(s) de paquet(s), tous les paquets sont mis à jour. |
| check-update | Visualiser une liste de mise à jour disponibles pour les paquets installés. |
| remove | Supprimer un paquet |
| provides | Visualiser une liste de paquets qui fournissent le fichier ou caractéristique spécifié. |
| search | Trouver un paquet qui a la chaîne recherchée dans sa description. |
| list | Trouver un paquet qui a la chaîne recherchée dans son nom. |
| localinstall | Installer un ou plusieurs paquets stockés localement sur disque. |
La Commande yumdownloader
La commande yumdownloader est utilisée pour télécharger un paquet à partir d'un dépôt sans l'installer.
Cette commande prend la forme :
# yumdownloader --destdir /chemin paquet
Options de la Commande
Les options de la commande sont :
[root@centos7 ~]# yumdownloader --help
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Usage: "yumdownloader [options] package1 [package2] [package..]
Options:
Plugin Options:
Yum Base Options:
-h, --help show this help message and exit
-t, --tolerant be tolerant of errors
-C, --cacheonly run entirely from system cache, don't update cache
-c [config file], --config=[config file]
config file location
-R [minutes], --randomwait=[minutes]
maximum command wait time
-d [debug level], --debuglevel=[debug level]
debugging output level
--showduplicates show duplicates, in repos, in list/search commands
-e [error level], --errorlevel=[error level]
error output level
--rpmverbosity=[debug level name]
debugging output level for rpm
-q, --quiet quiet operation
-v, --verbose verbose operation
-y, --assumeyes answer yes for all questions
--assumeno answer no for all questions
--version show Yum version and exit
--installroot=[path]
set install root
--enablerepo=[repo]
enable one or more repositories (wildcards allowed)
--disablerepo=[repo]
disable one or more repositories (wildcards allowed)
-x [package], --exclude=[package]
exclude package(s) by name or glob
--disableexcludes=[repo]
disable exclude from main, for a repo or for
everything
--disableincludes=[repo]
disable includepkgs for a repo or for everything
--obsoletes enable obsoletes processing during updates
--noplugins disable Yum plugins
--nogpgcheck disable gpg signature checking
--disableplugin=[plugin]
disable plugins by name
--enableplugin=[plugin]
enable plugins by name
--skip-broken skip packages with depsolving problems
--color=COLOR control whether color is used
--releasever=RELEASEVER
set value of $releasever in yum config and repo files
--downloadonly don't update, just download
--downloaddir=DLDIR
specifies an alternate directory to store packages
--setopt=SETOPTS set arbitrary config and repo options
--bugfix Include bugfix relevant packages, in updates
--security Include security relevant packages, in updates
--advisory=ADVS, --advisories=ADVS
Include packages needed to fix the given advisory, in
updates
--bzs=BZS Include packages needed to fix the given BZ, in
updates
--cves=CVES Include packages needed to fix the given CVE, in
updates
--sec-severity=SEVS, --secseverity=SEVS
Include security relevant packages matching the
severity, in updates
yumdownloader options:
--destdir=DESTDIR destination directory (defaults to current directory)
--urls just list the urls it would download instead of
downloading
--resolve resolve dependencies and download required packages
--source operate on source packages
--archlist=ARCHLIST
only download packages of certain architecture(s)
LAB #3 - Utiliser la commande yum
Commencer par installer le paquet mc :
[root@centos7 ~]# yum install mc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: fr2.rpmfind.net * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package mc.x86_64 1:4.8.7-8.el7 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================ Installing: mc x86_64 1:4.8.7-8.el7 base 1.7 M Transaction Summary ================================================================================ Install 1 Package Total download size: 1.7 M Installed size: 5.6 M Is this ok [y/d/N]: y Downloading packages: mc-4.8.7-8.el7.x86_64.rpm | 1.7 MB 00:15 Running transaction check Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded Running transaction Installing : 1:mc-4.8.7-8.el7.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : 1:mc-4.8.7-8.el7.x86_64 1/1 Installed: mc.x86_64 1:4.8.7-8.el7 Complete!
Important : mc est un gestionnaire de fichiers utile en mode ligne de commande. Tapez la commande mc et expérimentez avec l'interface.
Supprimez maintenant le paquet mc :
[root@centos7 ~]# yum remove mc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package mc.x86_64 1:4.8.7-8.el7 will be erased --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ================================================================================ Package Arch Version Repository Size ================================================================================ Removing: mc x86_64 1:4.8.7-8.el7 @base 5.6 M Transaction Summary ================================================================================ Remove 1 Package Installed size: 5.6 M Is this ok [y/N]: y Downloading packages: Running transaction check Running transaction test Transaction test succeeded Running transaction Erasing : 1:mc-4.8.7-8.el7.x86_64 1/1 Verifying : 1:mc-4.8.7-8.el7.x86_64 1/1 Removed: mc.x86_64 1:4.8.7-8.el7 Complete!
Recherchez le paquet mc :
[root@centos7 ~]# yum list mc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: fr2.rpmfind.net * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr Available Packages mc.x86_64 1:4.8.7-8.el7 base
Recherchez tout paquet commençant par kerne :
[root@centos7 ~]# yum list kerne\* Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: fr2.rpmfind.net * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr Installed Packages kernel.x86_64 3.10.0-123.el7 @anaconda kernel-devel.x86_64 3.10.0-229.14.1.el7 @updates kernel-headers.x86_64 3.10.0-229.14.1.el7 @updates kernel-tools.x86_64 3.10.0-123.el7 @anaconda kernel-tools-libs.x86_64 3.10.0-123.el7 @anaconda Available Packages kernel.x86_64 3.10.0-229.14.1.el7 updates kernel-abi-whitelists.noarch 3.10.0-229.14.1.el7 updates kernel-debug.x86_64 3.10.0-229.14.1.el7 updates kernel-debug-devel.x86_64 3.10.0-229.14.1.el7 updates kernel-doc.noarch 3.10.0-229.14.1.el7 updates kernel-tools.x86_64 3.10.0-229.14.1.el7 updates kernel-tools-libs.x86_64 3.10.0-229.14.1.el7 updates kernel-tools-libs-devel.x86_64 3.10.0-229.14.1.el7 updates
Recherchez la chaîne mc :
[root@centos7 ~]# yum search mc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: fr2.rpmfind.net
* extras: mirror.ibcp.fr
* updates: mirror.ibcp.fr
=============================== N/S matched: mc ================================
abrt-addon-vmcore.x86_64 : abrt's vmcore addon
bmc-snmp-proxy.noarch : Reconfigure SNMP to include host SNMP agent within BMC
exchange-bmc-os-info.noarch : Let OS and BMC exchange info
freeipmi-bmc-watchdog.x86_64 : IPMI BMC watchdog
hamcrest-demo.noarch : Demos for hamcrest
hamcrest-javadoc.noarch : Javadoc for hamcrest
libXdmcp-devel.i686 : Development files for libXdmcp
libXdmcp-devel.x86_64 : Development files for libXdmcp
libXvMC.i686 : X.Org X11 libXvMC runtime library
libXvMC.x86_64 : X.Org X11 libXvMC runtime library
libXvMC-devel.i686 : X.Org X11 libXvMC development package
libXvMC-devel.x86_64 : X.Org X11 libXvMC development package
libmemcached.i686 : Client library and command line tools for memcached server
libmemcached.x86_64 : Client library and command line tools for memcached server
libmemcached-devel.i686 : Header files and development libraries for
: libmemcached
libmemcached-devel.x86_64 : Header files and development libraries for
: libmemcached
memcached-devel.i686 : Files needed for development using memcached protocol
memcached-devel.x86_64 : Files needed for development using memcached protocol
php-pecl-memcache.x86_64 : Extension to work with the Memcached caching daemon
python-memcached.noarch : A Python memcached client library
smc-fonts-common.noarch : Common files for smc-fonts
tomcat-admin-webapps.noarch : The host-manager and manager web applications for
: Apache Tomcat
tomcat-docs-webapp.noarch : The docs web application for Apache Tomcat
tomcat-javadoc.noarch : Javadoc generated documentation for Apache Tomcat
tomcat-jsp-2.2-api.noarch : Apache Tomcat JSP API implementation classes
tomcat-jsvc.noarch : Apache jsvc wrapper for Apache Tomcat as separate service
tomcat-lib.noarch : Libraries needed to run the Tomcat Web container
tomcat-servlet-3.0-api.noarch : Apache Tomcat Servlet API implementation classes
tomcat-webapps.noarch : The ROOT and examples web applications for Apache Tomcat
tomcatjss.noarch : JSSE implementation using JSS for Tomcat
crash.x86_64 : Kernel analysis utility for live systems, netdump, diskdump,
: kdump, LKCD or mcore dumpfiles
crash-devel.i686 : kernel crash analysis utility for live systems, netdump,
: diskdump, kdump, LKCD or mcore dumpfiles
crash-devel.x86_64 : kernel crash analysis utility for live systems, netdump,
: diskdump, kdump, LKCD or mcore dumpfiles
fence-virtd-serial.x86_64 : Serial VMChannel listener for fence-virtd
hamcrest.noarch : Library of matchers for building test expressions
libXdmcp.i686 : X Display Manager Control Protocol library
libXdmcp.x86_64 : X Display Manager Control Protocol library
mc.x86_64 : User-friendly text console file manager and visual shell
mcelog.x86_64 : Tool to translate x86-64 CPU Machine Check Exception data
mcstrans.x86_64 : SELinux Translation Daemon
memcached.x86_64 : High Performance, Distributed Memory Object Cache
pki-tps-tomcat.noarch : Certificate System - Token Processing Service
sblim-wbemcli.x86_64 : SBLIM WBEM Command Line Interface
smc-anjalioldlipi-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script
smc-dyuthi-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script
smc-kalyani-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script
smc-meera-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script
smc-rachana-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script
smc-raghumalayalam-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script
smc-suruma-fonts.noarch : Open Type Fonts for Malayalam script
strongimcv.i686 : Trusted Network Connect (TNC) Architecture
strongimcv.x86_64 : Trusted Network Connect (TNC) Architecture
tncfhh-examples.i686 : Example IMC/IMV implementations
tncfhh-examples.x86_64 : Example IMC/IMV implementations
tomcat.noarch : Apache Servlet/JSP Engine, RI for Servlet 3.0/JSP 2.2 API
tomcat-el-2.2-api.noarch : Expression Language v2.2 API
xorg-x11-drv-openchrome-devel.i686 : Xorg X11 openchrome video driver XvMC
: development package
xorg-x11-drv-openchrome-devel.x86_64 : Xorg X11 openchrome video driver XvMC
: development package
Name and summary matches only, use "search all" for everything.
Recherchez quel paquet fournit mc :
[root@centos7 ~]# yum provides mc
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: fr2.rpmfind.net
* extras: mirror.ibcp.fr
* updates: mirror.ibcp.fr
1:mc-4.8.7-8.el7.x86_64 : User-friendly text console file manager and visual
: shell
Repo : base
Contrôlez maintenant les dépôts configurés dans votre système :
[root@centos7 ~]# yum repolist Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: fr2.rpmfind.net * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr repo id repo name status base/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Base 8,652 extras/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Extras 214 updates/7/x86_64 CentOS-7 - Updates 1,505 repolist: 10,371
Vérifiez la disponibilité de mises à jour :
[root@centos7 ~]# yum check-update Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: fr2.rpmfind.net * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr NetworkManager.x86_64 1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1 updates NetworkManager-glib.x86_64 1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1 updates NetworkManager-tui.x86_64 1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1 updates abrt.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-addon-ccpp.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-addon-kerneloops.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-addon-pstoreoops.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-addon-python.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-addon-vmcore.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-addon-xorg.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-cli.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-console-notification.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-dbus.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-desktop.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-gui.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-gui-libs.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-libs.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-python.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates abrt-tui.x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates alsa-firmware.noarch 1.0.28-2.el7 base alsa-lib.x86_64 1.0.28-2.el7 base alsa-utils.x86_64 1.0.28-4.el7 base anaconda.x86_64 19.31.123-1.el7.centos.2 base anaconda-widgets.x86_64 19.31.123-1.el7.centos.2 base at.x86_64 3.1.13-17.el7_0.1 base audit.x86_64 2.4.1-5.el7 base audit-libs.x86_64 2.4.1-5.el7 base audit-libs-python.x86_64 2.4.1-5.el7 base ...
Appliquez les mises-à-jour :
[root@centos7 ~]# yum update
Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks
Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile
* base: fr2.rpmfind.net
* extras: mirror.ibcp.fr
* updates: mirror.ibcp.fr
Resolving Dependencies
...
Dependencies Resolved
======================================================================================================================================================
Package Arch Version Repository Size
======================================================================================================================================================
Installing:
NetworkManager x86_64 1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1 updates 1.9 M
replacing NetworkManager.x86_64 1:0.9.9.1-13.git20140326.4dba720.el7
NetworkManager-adsl x86_64 1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1 updates 122 k
replacing NetworkManager.x86_64 1:0.9.9.1-13.git20140326.4dba720.el7
NetworkManager-bluetooth x86_64 1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1 updates 141 k
replacing NetworkManager.x86_64 1:0.9.9.1-13.git20140326.4dba720.el7
NetworkManager-team x86_64 1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1 updates 122 k
replacing NetworkManager.x86_64 1:0.9.9.1-13.git20140326.4dba720.el7
NetworkManager-wifi x86_64 1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1 updates 151 k
replacing NetworkManager.x86_64 1:0.9.9.1-13.git20140326.4dba720.el7
NetworkManager-wwan x86_64 1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1 updates 142 k
replacing NetworkManager.x86_64 1:0.9.9.1-13.git20140326.4dba720.el7
kernel x86_64 3.10.0-229.14.1.el7 updates 31 M
Updating:
NetworkManager-glib x86_64 1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1 updates 376 k
NetworkManager-tui x86_64 1:1.0.0-16.git20150121.b4ea599c.el7_1 updates 203 k
abrt x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates 511 k
abrt-addon-ccpp x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates 183 k
abrt-addon-kerneloops x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates 100 k
abrt-addon-pstoreoops x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates 91 k
abrt-addon-python x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates 97 k
abrt-addon-vmcore x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates 101 k
abrt-addon-xorg x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates 92 k
abrt-cli x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates 82 k
abrt-console-notification x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates 83 k
abrt-dbus x86_64 2.1.11-22.el7.centos.0.1 updates 115 k
...
python-dmidecode x86_64 3.10.13-11.el7 base 82 k
python-ethtool x86_64 0.8-5.el7 base 33 k
python-meh-gui noarch 0.25.2-1.el7 base 15 k
python-six noarch 1.3.0-4.el7 base 18 k
rdma noarch 7.1_3.17-5.el7 base 28 k
tagsoup noarch 1.2.1-8.el7 base 112 k
trousers x86_64 0.3.11.2-4.el7_1 updates 286 k
Transaction Summary
======================================================================================================================================================
Install 7 Packages (+37 Dependent packages)
Upgrade 462 Packages
Total size: 510 M
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
A faire - Répondez y à la question Is this ok [y/d/N]: y. Pendant la mise à jour de votre système, consultez le manuel de yum pour vous renseigner sur les autres commandes et options.
Les Bibliothèques Partagées
Présentation
Introduction
Les bibliothèques partagées sont des fonctions communes à plusieurs programmes différents d'un même domaine (son, base de données, vidéo etc.). Les fonctions proposées par une ou plusieurs bibliothèques forment un API (Application Programming Interface). Sous Linux les bibliothèques se nomment Shared Objects et portent le suffixe .so.
Stockage
Les bibliothèques partagées sont stockées par convention dans des répertoires lib, par exemple :
| Répertoire | Contenu |
|---|---|
| /lib | Bibliothèques du système de base |
| /usr/lib | Bibliothèques utilisateurs |
| /usr/local/lib | Bibliothèques locales |
| /usr/X11R6/lib | Bibliothèques de l'environnement X |
| /opt/kde4/lib | Bibliothèques de KDE |
Important : La bibliothèque la plus importante est libc. Sans elle, le système Linux ne peut pas fonctionner.
ld-linux.so.2
La bibliothèque ld-linux.so.2 est utilisée par le système pour créer un lien avec une bibliothèque partagée au moment de l'exécution d'un programme et s'appelle le chargeur de liens. Ce dernier recherche des bibliothèques partagées dans un ordre précis :
- dans les chemins précisés par la variable système LD_LIBRARY_PATH,
- dans les chemins précisés dans le contenu compilé du fichier /etc/ld.so.cache,
- dans /lib et /usr/lib.
Il est à noter que le contenu du cache ld.so.cache est construit à partir des informations contenus dans le fichier de configuration /etc/ld.so.conf.
Afin d'étudier les bibliothèques liées à une application, nous allons d'abord installer l'application mc :
[root@centos7 ~]# yum install mc Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, langpacks Loading mirror speeds from cached hostfile * base: fr2.rpmfind.net * extras: mirror.ibcp.fr * updates: mirror.ibcp.fr Resolving Dependencies --> Running transaction check ---> Package mc.x86_64 1:4.8.7-8.el7 will be installed --> Finished Dependency Resolution Dependencies Resolved ====================================================================================================================================================== Package Arch Version Repository Size ====================================================================================================================================================== Installing: mc x86_64 1:4.8.7-8.el7 base 1.7 M Transaction Summary ====================================================================================================================================================== Install 1 Package Total download size: 1.7 M Installed size: 5.6 M Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
La Commande ldd
Pour déterminer quelles sont les bibliothèques liées à une application, il convient d'utiliser la commande ldd :
[root@centos7 ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff0fdfe000) libslang.so.2 => /lib64/libslang.so.2 (0x00007f8896ae0000) libgpm.so.2 => /lib64/libgpm.so.2 (0x00007f88968d9000) libssh2.so.1 => /lib64/libssh2.so.1 (0x00007f88966ae000) libgmodule-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f88964aa000) libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f8896181000) libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f8895f64000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f8895ba3000) libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f889599f000) libm.so.6 => /lib64/libm.so.6 (0x00007f889569c000) libncurses.so.5 => /lib64/libncurses.so.5 (0x00007f8895475000) libtinfo.so.5 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.5 (0x00007f889524b000) libssl.so.10 => /lib64/libssl.so.10 (0x00007f8894fde000) libcrypto.so.10 => /lib64/libcrypto.so.10 (0x00007f8894bf9000) libz.so.1 => /lib64/libz.so.1 (0x00007f88949e3000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f8896e6b000) libgssapi_krb5.so.2 => /lib64/libgssapi_krb5.so.2 (0x00007f8894798000) libkrb5.so.3 => /lib64/libkrb5.so.3 (0x00007f88944b8000) libcom_err.so.2 => /lib64/libcom_err.so.2 (0x00007f88942b4000) libk5crypto.so.3 => /lib64/libk5crypto.so.3 (0x00007f889407e000) libkrb5support.so.0 => /lib64/libkrb5support.so.0 (0x00007f8893e70000) libkeyutils.so.1 => /lib64/libkeyutils.so.1 (0x00007f8893c6c000) libresolv.so.2 => /lib64/libresolv.so.2 (0x00007f8893a51000) libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007f889382c000) libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007f88935ca000) liblzma.so.5 => /lib64/liblzma.so.5 (0x00007f88933a5000)
Afin de comprendre ce qui se passe dans le cas où une bibliothèque est manquante, renommez la bibliothèque /usr/lib/libslang.so.2 en /usr/lib/libslang.so.2.old :
[root@centos7 ~]# mv /lib64/libslang.so.2 /lib64/libslang.so.2.old
Exécutez de nouveau la commande ldd. Vous obtiendrez un résultat similaire à celui-ci :
[root@centos7 ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fffe31f9000) libslang.so.2 => not found libgpm.so.2 => /lib64/libgpm.so.2 (0x00007f7b54e49000) libssh2.so.1 => /lib64/libssh2.so.1 (0x00007f7b54c1f000) libgmodule-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f7b54a1b000) libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007f7b546f1000) libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007f7b544d5000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007f7b54114000) libncurses.so.5 => /lib64/libncurses.so.5 (0x00007f7b53eec000) libtinfo.so.5 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.5 (0x00007f7b53cc2000) libssl.so.10 => /lib64/libssl.so.10 (0x00007f7b53a56000) libcrypto.so.10 => /lib64/libcrypto.so.10 (0x00007f7b53670000) libz.so.1 => /lib64/libz.so.1 (0x00007f7b5345a000) libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007f7b53256000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007f7b55064000) libgssapi_krb5.so.2 => /lib64/libgssapi_krb5.so.2 (0x00007f7b5300b000) libkrb5.so.3 => /lib64/libkrb5.so.3 (0x00007f7b52d2b000) libcom_err.so.2 => /lib64/libcom_err.so.2 (0x00007f7b52b27000) libk5crypto.so.3 => /lib64/libk5crypto.so.3 (0x00007f7b528f1000) libkrb5support.so.0 => /lib64/libkrb5support.so.0 (0x00007f7b526e3000) libkeyutils.so.1 => /lib64/libkeyutils.so.1 (0x00007f7b524df000) libresolv.so.2 => /lib64/libresolv.so.2 (0x00007f7b522c4000) libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007f7b5209f000) libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007f7b51e3d000) liblzma.so.5 => /lib64/liblzma.so.5 (0x00007f7b51c18000)
Notez la présence de la ligne libslang.so.2 ⇒ not found. Compte tenu de la bibliothèque partagée manquante, le programme mc ne peut plus être lancé :
[root@centos7 ~]# mc mc: error while loading shared libraries: libslang.so.2: cannot open shared object file: No such file or directory
Renommez la bibliothèque correctement et vérifiez la résolution de l'erreur précédente avec la commande ldd :
[root@centos7 ~]# mv /lib64/libslang.so.2.old /lib64/libslang.so.2 [root@centos7 ~]# ldd /usr/bin/mc linux-vdso.so.1 => (0x00007fff541fe000) libslang.so.2 => /lib64/libslang.so.2 (0x00007fcb40b0a000) libgpm.so.2 => /lib64/libgpm.so.2 (0x00007fcb40903000) libssh2.so.1 => /lib64/libssh2.so.1 (0x00007fcb406d8000) libgmodule-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libgmodule-2.0.so.0 (0x00007fcb404d4000) libglib-2.0.so.0 => /lib64/libglib-2.0.so.0 (0x00007fcb401ab000) libpthread.so.0 => /lib64/libpthread.so.0 (0x00007fcb3ff8e000) libc.so.6 => /lib64/libc.so.6 (0x00007fcb3fbcd000) libdl.so.2 => /lib64/libdl.so.2 (0x00007fcb3f9c9000) libm.so.6 => /lib64/libm.so.6 (0x00007fcb3f6c6000) libncurses.so.5 => /lib64/libncurses.so.5 (0x00007fcb3f49f000) libtinfo.so.5 => /lib64/libtinfo.so.5 (0x00007fcb3f275000) libssl.so.10 => /lib64/libssl.so.10 (0x00007fcb3f008000) libcrypto.so.10 => /lib64/libcrypto.so.10 (0x00007fcb3ec23000) libz.so.1 => /lib64/libz.so.1 (0x00007fcb3ea0d000) /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 (0x00007fcb40e95000) libgssapi_krb5.so.2 => /lib64/libgssapi_krb5.so.2 (0x00007fcb3e7c2000) libkrb5.so.3 => /lib64/libkrb5.so.3 (0x00007fcb3e4e2000) libcom_err.so.2 => /lib64/libcom_err.so.2 (0x00007fcb3e2de000) libk5crypto.so.3 => /lib64/libk5crypto.so.3 (0x00007fcb3e0a8000) libkrb5support.so.0 => /lib64/libkrb5support.so.0 (0x00007fcb3de9a000) libkeyutils.so.1 => /lib64/libkeyutils.so.1 (0x00007fcb3dc96000) libresolv.so.2 => /lib64/libresolv.so.2 (0x00007fcb3da7b000) libselinux.so.1 => /lib64/libselinux.so.1 (0x00007fcb3d856000) libpcre.so.1 => /lib64/libpcre.so.1 (0x00007fcb3d5f4000) liblzma.so.5 => /lib64/liblzma.so.5 (0x00007fcb3d3cf000)
Le fichier /etc/ld.so.conf
Le fichier /etc/ld.so.conf est utilisé pour configurer le cache /etc/ld.so.cache :
[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/ld.so.conf include ld.so.conf.d/*.conf
Dans ce cas, le fichier ne contient qu'une directive include qui renvoie vers le contenu du répertoire /etc/ld.so.conf.d/ :
[root@centos7 ~]# ls -l /etc/ld.so.conf.d/ total 20 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 19 Jun 9 2014 dyninst-x86_64.conf -r--r--r--. 1 root root 63 Jun 30 2014 kernel-3.10.0-123.el7.x86_64.conf -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 17 Jun 10 2014 libiscsi-x86_64.conf -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 17 Jun 10 2014 mariadb-x86_64.conf -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 24 Jun 9 2014 tracker-x86_64.conf
Par exemple, le contenu du fichier mariadb-x86_64.conf est :
[root@centos7 ~]# cat /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mariadb-x86_64.conf /usr/lib64/mysql
La Commande ldconfig
La commande ldconfig est utilisée pour :
- mettre à jour le cache pour les chemins inclus dans le fichier /etc/ld.so.conf ainsi que pour les répertoires /lib et /usr/lib. L'option -N de la commande ldconfig empêche la mise à jour des chemins dans le fichier,
- mettre à jour les liens symboliques sur les bibliothèques. L'option -X de la commande ldconfig empêche la mise à jour des liens symboliques.
Les liens symboliques sont utilisés pour gérer les versions de bibliothèques.
La commande ldconfig peut être utilisée avec l'option -p pour visualiser le contenu du cache :
[root@centos7 ~]# ldconfig -p | more 889 libs found in cache `/etc/ld.so.cache' p11-kit-trust.so (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/p11-kit-trust.so libzapojit-0.0.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libzapojit-0.0.so.0 libz.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libz.so.1 libyelp.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libyelp.so.0 libyajl.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libyajl.so.2 libxtables.so.10 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxtables.so.10 libxslt.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxslt.so.1 libxml2.so.2 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxml2.so.2 libxmlrpc_util.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_util.so.3 libxmlrpc_server_cgi.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_server_cgi.so.3 libxmlrpc_server_abyss.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_server_abyss.so.3 libxmlrpc_server.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_server.so.3 libxmlrpc_client.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_client.so.3 libxmlrpc_abyss.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc_abyss.so.3 libxmlrpc.so.3 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxmlrpc.so.3 libxklavier.so.16 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxklavier.so.16 libxkbfile.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxkbfile.so.1 libxcb.so.1 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb.so.1 libxcb-xvmc.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xvmc.so.0 libxcb-xv.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xv.so.0 libxcb-xtest.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xtest.so.0 libxcb-xselinux.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xselinux.so.0 libxcb-xkb.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xkb.so.0 libxcb-xinerama.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xinerama.so.0 libxcb-xf86dri.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xf86dri.so.0 libxcb-xfixes.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xfixes.so.0 libxcb-xevie.so.0 (libc6,x86-64) => /lib64/libxcb-xevie.so.0 --More--
Pour ajouter des bibliothèques partagées, il convient de :
- créer un fichier dans le répertoire /etc/ld.so.conf.d/ et d'y inscrire le ou les chemins vers le lieu de stockage des bibliothèques partagées à ajouter,
- exécuter la commande ldconfig -v, où v implique verbose, afin de reconstruire le cache.
Copyright © 2023 Hugh Norris.
