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--- elearning:workbooks:centos:8:utilisateur:l103 [2020/09/07 09:46] – created admin
+++ elearning:workbooks:centos:8:utilisateur:l103 [2024/04/28 15:08] (Version actuelle) – admin
@@ Ligne 1: / Ligne 1: @@
 ~~PDF:LANDSCAPE~~
+Version : **2024.01**
 Dernière mise-à-jour : ~~LASTMOD~~
@@ Ligne 9: / Ligne 11: @@
   * **LCF403 - Aide et Documentation**
     * Contenu du Module
-    * L'Aide des Commandes Externes au Shell
+    * LAB #1 - Aide des Commandes
-    * L'Aide des Commandes Internes du Shell
+      * 1.1 - L'Aide des Commandes Externes au Shell
-    * La Commande man
+      * 1.2 - L'Aide des Commandes Internes du Shell
-    * La Commande apropos
+    * LAB #2 - La Commande man
-    * Les Commandes mandb et whatis
+      * 2.1 - Les Commandes mandb et whatis
-    * La Commande info
+      * 2.2 - La Commande apropos
+    * LAB #3 - La Commande info
-=====L'Aide des Commandes Externes au Shell=====
+=====LAB #1 - Aide des Commandes=====
+====1.1 - L'Aide des Commandes Externes au Shell====
 Les commandes externes au shell sont des binaires exécutables ou des scripts, généralement situés dans /bin, /sbin, /usr/bin ou /usr/sbin :
 <code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# type ifconfig
+[root@centos8 ~]# type ifconfig
-ifconfig is /sbin/ifconfig
+ifconfig is /usr/sbin/ifconfig
 </code>
-L'aide d'une commande externe au shell peut être visualisé dans la plupart des cas en passant le paramètre **- -help** en argument à la commande en question :
+L'aide d'une commande externe au shell peut être visualisée dans la plupart des cas en passant le paramètre **- -help** en argument à la commande en question :
 <code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# du --help | more
+[root@centos8 ~]# ifconfig --help
-Usage: du [OPTION]... [FILE]...
+Usage:
-  or:  du [OPTION]... --files0-from=F
+  ifconfig [-a] [-v] [-s] <interface> [[<AF>] <address>]
-Summarize disk usage of each FILE, recursively for directories.
+  [add <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
+  [del <address>[/<prefixlen>]]
+  [[-]broadcast [<address>]]  [[-]pointopoint [<address>]]
+  [netmask <address>]  [dstaddr <address>]  [tunnel <address>]
+  [outfill <NN>] [keepalive <NN>]
+  [hw <HW> <address>]  [mtu <NN>]
+  [[-]trailers]  [[-]arp]  [[-]allmulti]
+  [multicast]  [[-]promisc]
+  [mem_start <NN>]  [io_addr <NN>]  [irq <NN>]  [media <type>]
+  [txqueuelen <NN>]
+  [[-]dynamic]
+  [up|down] ...
-Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
+  <HW>=Hardware Type.
-  -0, --null            end each output line with 0 byte rather than newline
+  List of possible hardware types:
-  -a, --all             write counts for all files, not just directories
+    loop (Local Loopback) slip (Serial Line IP) cslip (VJ Serial Line IP)
-      --apparent-size   print apparent sizes, rather than disk usage; although
+    slip6 (6-bit Serial Line IP) cslip6 (VJ 6-bit Serial Line IP) adaptive (Adaptive Serial Line IP)
-                          the apparent size is usually smaller, it may be
+    ash (Ash) ether (Ethernet) ax25 (AMPR AX.25)
-                          larger due to holes in ('sparse') files, internal
+    netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE) tunnel (IPIP Tunnel)
-                          fragmentation, indirect blocks, and the like
+    ppp (Point-to-Point Protocol) hdlc ((Cisco)-HDLC) lapb (LAPB)
-  -B, --block-size=SIZE  scale sizes by SIZE before printing them; e.g.,
+    arcnet (ARCnet) dlci (Frame Relay DLCI) frad (Frame Relay Access Device)
-                           '-BM' prints sizes in units of 1,048,576 bytes;
+    sit (IPv6-in-IPv4) fddi (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) hippi (HIPPI)
-                           see SIZE format below
+    irda (IrLAP) x25 (generic X.25) infiniband (InfiniBand)
-  -b, --bytes           equivalent to '--apparent-size --block-size=1'
+    eui64 (Generic EUI-64)
-  -c, --total           produce a grand total
+  <AF>=Address family. Default: inet
-  -D, --dereference-args  dereference only symlinks that are listed on the
+  List of possible address families:
-                          command line
+    unix (UNIX Domain) inet (DARPA Internet) inet6 (IPv6)
-  -d, --max-depth=N     print the total for a directory (or file, with --all)
+    ax25 (AMPR AX.25) netrom (AMPR NET/ROM) rose (AMPR ROSE)
-                          only if it is N or fewer levels below the command
+    ipx (Novell IPX) ddp (Appletalk DDP) ash (Ash)
-                          line argument;  --max-depth=0 is the same as
+    x25 (CCITT X.25)
-                          --summarize
-      --files0-from=F   summarize disk usage of the
---More--
-</code>
-Cependant dans certains cas, cette option n'est pas admise :
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# type --help
--bash: type: --: invalid option
-type: usage: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
 </code>
-=====L'Aide des Commandes Internes du Shell=====
+====1.2 - L'Aide des Commandes Internes du Shell====
 Les commandes internes au shell sont des commandes telles **type**, **cd** ou **umask**. Pour vérifier le type de commande, il faut utiliser la commande **type** :
 <code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# type type
+[root@centos8 ~]# type type
 type is a shell builtin
 </code>
@@ Ligne 75: / Ligne 80: @@
 <code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# help | more
+[root@centos8 ~]# help
-GNU bash, version 4.2.46(1)-release (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu)
+GNU bash, version 4.4.19(1)-release (x86_64-redhat-linux-gnu)
 These shell commands are defined internally.  Type `help' to see this list.
 Type `help name' to find out more about the function `name'.
@@ Ligne 84: / Ligne 89: @@
 A star (*) next to a name means that the command is disabled.
- job_spec [&]                                    history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anr>
+ job_spec [&]                                                                                     history [-c] [-d offset] [n] or history -anrw [filename] or history -ps arg [arg...]
- (( expression ))                                if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS;>
+ (( expression ))                                                                                 if COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; [ elif COMMANDS; then COMMANDS; ]... [ else COMMANDS; ] fi
- . filename [arguments]                          jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x comma>
+ . filename [arguments]                                                                           jobs [-lnprs] [jobspec ...] or jobs -x command [args]
- :                                               kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid>
+ :                                                                                                kill [-s sigspec | -n signum | -sigspec] pid | jobspec ... or kill -l [sigspec]
- [ arg... ]                                      let arg [arg ...]
+ [ arg... ]                                                                                       let arg [arg ...]
- [[ expression ]]                                local [option] name[=value] ...
+ [[ expression ]]                                                                                 local [option] name[=value] ...
- alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ]                  logout [n]
+ alias [-p] [name[=value] ... ]                                                                   logout [n]
- bg [job_spec ...]                               mapfile [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [->
+ bg [job_spec ...]                                                                                mapfile [-d delim] [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] >
- bind [-lpvsPVS] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q>  popd [-n] [+N | -N]
+ bind [-lpsvPSVX] [-m keymap] [-f filename] [-q name] [-u name] [-r keyseq] [-x keyseq:shell-co>  popd [-n] [+N | -N]
- break [n]                                       printf [-v var] format [arguments]
+ break [n]                                                                                        printf [-v var] format [arguments]
- builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]]               pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
+ builtin [shell-builtin [arg ...]]                                                                pushd [-n] [+N | -N | dir]
- caller [expr]                                   pwd [-LP]
+ caller [expr]                                                                                    pwd [-LP]
- case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMAND>  read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] >
+ case WORD in [PATTERN [| PATTERN]...) COMMANDS ;;]... esac                                       read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] >
- cd [-L|[-P [-e]]] [dir]                         readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] >
+ cd [-L|[-P [-e]] [-@]] [dir]                                                                     readarray [-n count] [-O origin] [-s count] [-t] [-u fd] [-C callback] [-c quantum] [array]
- command [-pVv] command [arg ...]                readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readon>
+ command [-pVv] command [arg ...]                                                                 readonly [-aAf] [name[=value] ...] or readonly -p
---More--
+ compgen [-abcdefgjksuv] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist]  [-F function] [-C >  return [n]
+ complete [-abcdefgjksuv] [-pr] [-DE] [-o option] [-A action] [-G globpat] [-W wordlist]  [-F f>  select NAME [in WORDS ... ;] do COMMANDS; done
+ compopt [-o|+o option] [-DE] [name ...]                                                          set [-abefhkmnptuvxBCHP] [-o option-name] [--] [arg ...]
+ continue [n]                                                                                     shift [n]
+ coproc [NAME] command [redirections]                                                             shopt [-pqsu] [-o] [optname ...]
+ declare [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] [name[=value] ...]                                                  source filename [arguments]
+ dirs [-clpv] [+N] [-N]                                                                           suspend [-f]
+ disown [-h] [-ar] [jobspec ... | pid ...]                                                        test [expr]
+ echo [-neE] [arg ...]                                                                            time [-p] pipeline
+ enable [-a] [-dnps] [-f filename] [name ...]                                                     times
+ eval [arg ...]                                                                                   trap [-lp] [[arg] signal_spec ...]
+ exec [-cl] [-a name] [command [arguments ...]] [redirection ...]                                 true
+ exit [n]                                                                                         type [-afptP] name [name ...]
+ export [-fn] [name[=value] ...] or export -p                                                     typeset [-aAfFgilnrtux] [-p] name[=value] ...
+ false                                                                                            ulimit [-SHabcdefiklmnpqrstuvxPT] [limit]
+ fc [-e ename] [-lnr] [first] [last] or fc -s [pat=rep] [command]                                 umask [-p] [-S] [mode]
+ fg [job_spec]                                                                                    unalias [-a] name [name ...]
+ for NAME [in WORDS ... ] ; do COMMANDS; done                                                     unset [-f] [-v] [-n] [name ...]
+ for (( exp1; exp2; exp3 )); do COMMANDS; done                                                    until COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
+ function name { COMMANDS ; } or name () { COMMANDS ; }                                           variables - Names and meanings of some shell variables
+ getopts optstring name [arg]                                                                     wait [-n] [id ...]
+ hash [-lr] [-p pathname] [-dt] [name ...]                                                        while COMMANDS; do COMMANDS; done
+ help [-dms] [pattern ...]                                                                        { COMMANDS ; }
 </code>
@@ Ligne 105: / Ligne 132: @@
 <code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# help type
+[root@centos8 ~]# help type
 type: type [-afptP] name [name ...]
     Display information about command type.
@@ Ligne 113: / Ligne 140: @@
     Options:
-      -a	display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
+      -a        display all locations containing an executable named NAME;
-    	includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
+                includes aliases, builtins, and functions, if and only if
-    	the `-p' option is not also used
+                the `-p' option is not also used
-      -f	suppress shell function lookup
+      -f        suppress shell function lookup
-      -P	force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
+      -P        force a PATH search for each NAME, even if it is an alias,
-    	builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
+                builtin, or function, and returns the name of the disk file
-    	that would be executed
+                that would be executed
-      -p	returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
+      -p        returns either the name of the disk file that would be executed,
-    	or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'.
+                or nothing if `type -t NAME' would not return `file'
-      -t	output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',
+      -t        output a single word which is one of `alias', `keyword',
-    	`function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias, shell
+                `function', `builtin', `file' or `', if NAME is an alias,
-    	reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file, or not
+                shell reserved word, shell function, shell builtin, disk file,
-    	found, respectively
+                or not found, respectively
     Arguments:
-      NAME	Command name to be interpreted.
+      NAME      Command name to be interpreted.
     Exit Status:
     Returns success if all of the NAMEs are found; fails if any are not found.
-typeset: typeset [-aAfFgilrtux] [-p] name[=value] ...
-    Set variable values and attributes.
-    Obsolete.  See `help declare'.
 </code>
-=====La Commande man=====
+=====LAB #2 - La Commande man=====
-La commande man donne accès au manuel de la commande passée en argument. Par exemple **man help** sous RHEL/CentOS :
+La commande man donne accès au manuel de la commande passée en argument. Par exemple **man passwd** :
 <code>
-BASH_BUILTINS(1)                   General Commands Manual                   BASH_BUILTINS(1)
+[root@centos8 ~]# man passwd
+BASH_BUILTINS(1)                                                                   General Commands Manual                                                                   BASH_BUILTINS(1)
 NAME
-       bash,  :,  .,  [,  alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command, compgen, com‐
+       bash,  :,  ., [, alias, bg, bind, break, builtin, caller, cd, command, compgen, complete, compopt, continue, declare, dirs, disown, echo, enable, eval, exec, exit, export, false, fc,
-       plete, compopt, continue, declare, dirs,  disown,  echo,  enable,  eval,  exec,  exit,
+       fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout, mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt, source, suspend,  test,  times,  trap,
-       export,  false,  fc, fg, getopts, hash, help, history, jobs, kill, let, local, logout,
+       true, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait - bash built-in commands, see bash(1)
-       mapfile, popd, printf, pushd, pwd, read, readonly, return, set, shift, shopt,  source,
-       suspend, test, times, trap, true, type, typeset, ulimit, umask, unalias, unset, wait -
-       bash built-in commands, see bash(1)
 BASH BUILTIN COMMANDS
-       Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section  as  accepting
+       Unless otherwise noted, each builtin command documented in this section as accepting options preceded by - accepts -- to signify the end of the options.  The :, true, false, and test
-       options  preceded  by  -  accepts  -- to signify the end of the options.  The :, true,
+       builtins do not accept options and do not treat -- specially.  The exit, logout, return, break, continue, let, and shift builtins accept and process arguments beginning with -  with‐
-       false, and test builtins do not accept options and do not  treat  --  specially.   The
+       out  requiring  --.  Other builtins that accept arguments but are not specified as accepting options interpret arguments beginning with - as invalid options and require -- to prevent
-       exit,  logout,  break,  continue, let, and shift builtins accept and process arguments
+       this interpretation.
-       beginning with - without requiring --.  Other builtins that accept arguments  but  are
-       not  specified  as  accepting  options interpret arguments beginning with - as invalid
-       options and require -- to prevent this interpretation.
        : [arguments]
-              No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding arguments  and  performing
+              No effect; the command does nothing beyond expanding arguments and performing any specified redirections.  The return status is zero.
-              any specified redirections.  A zero exit code is returned.
         .  filename [arguments]
+       source filename [arguments]
+              Read and execute commands from filename in the current shell environment and return the exit status of the last command executed from filename.  If filename does not contain a
+              slash,  filenames  in PATH are used to find the directory containing filename.  The file searched for in PATH need not be executable.  When bash is not in posix mode, the cur‐
+              rent directory is searched if no file is found in PATH.  If the sourcepath option to the shopt builtin command is turned off, the PATH is not searched.  If any  arguments  are
+              supplied,  they  become  the positional parameters when filename is executed.  Otherwise the positional parameters are unchanged.  If the -T option is enabled, source inherits
+              any trap on DEBUG; if it is not, any DEBUG trap string is saved and restored around the call to source, and source unsets the DEBUG trap while it executes.  If -T is not  set,
+              and  the sourced file changes the DEBUG trap, the new value is retained when source completes.  The return status is the status of the last command exited within the script (0
+              if no commands are executed), and false if filename is not found or cannot be read.
+       alias [-p] [name[=value] ...]
+              Alias with no arguments or with the -p option prints the list of aliases in the form alias name=value on standard output.  When arguments are supplied, an alias is defined for
+              each name whose value is given.  A trailing space in value causes the next word to be checked for alias substitution when the alias is expanded.  For each name in the argument
+              list for which no value is supplied, the name and value of the alias is printed.  Alias returns true unless a name is given for which no alias has been defined.
+       bg [jobspec ...]
+              Resume each suspended job jobspec in the background, as if it had been started with &.  If jobspec is not present, the shell's notion of the current job is used.   bg  jobspec
+              returns 0 unless run when job control is disabled or, when run with job control enabled, any specified jobspec was not found or was started without job control.
+       bind [-m keymap] [-lpsvPSVX]
+       bind [-m keymap] [-q function] [-u function] [-r keyseq]
+       bind [-m keymap] -f filename
+       bind [-m keymap] -x keyseq:shell-command
+       bind [-m keymap] keyseq:function-name
+       bind [-m keymap] keyseq:readline-command
+              Display  current readline key and function bindings, bind a key sequence to a readline function or macro, or set a readline variable.  Each non-option argument is a command as
+              it would appear in .inputrc, but each binding or command must be passed as a separate argument; e.g., '"\C-x\C-r": re-read-init-file'.  Options, if supplied, have the  follow‐
  Manual page help(1) line 1 (press h for help or q to quit)
 </code>
@@ Ligne 213: / Ligne 256: @@
 <code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# whereis passwd
+[root@centos8 ~]# whereis passwd
 passwd: /usr/bin/passwd /etc/passwd /usr/share/man/man1/passwd.1.gz /usr/share/man/man5/passwd.5.gz
 </code>
 Pour visualiser une section spécifique, il convient de préciser son numéro :
-  $ man 5 passwd [Entrée]
-L'option **-k** de la commande man permet de rechercher la chaîne passée en argument dans la liste des manuels disponibles :
 <code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# man -k passwd
+[root@centos8 ~]# man 5 passwd
-chpasswd (8)         - update passwords in batch mode
+PASSWD(5)                                                                         Linux Programmer's Manual                                                                         PASSWD(5)
-fgetpwent_r (3)      - get passwd file entry reentrantly
-getpwent_r (3)       - get passwd file entry reentrantly
-gpasswd (1)          - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
-grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - Generate a PBKDF2 password hash.
-kpasswd (1)          - change a user's Kerberos password
-lpasswd (1)          - Change group or user password
-lppasswd (1)         - add, change, or delete digest passwords.
-pam_localuser (8)    - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd
-passwd (1)           - update user's authentication tokens
-sslpasswd (1ssl)     - compute password hashes
-passwd (5)           - password file
-passwd2des (3)       - RFS password encryption
-pwhistory_helper (8) - Helper binary that transfers password hashes from passwd or shadow to ...
-smbpasswd (5)        - The Samba encrypted password file
-smbpasswd (8)        - change a user's SMB password
-userpasswd (1)       - A graphical tool to allow users to change their passwords.
-vncpasswd (1)        - change the VNC password
-</code>
-Le résultat est une liste de commandes suivies par une description brève de celles-ci.
+NAME
+       passwd - password file
-<WRAP center round important>
+DESCRIPTION
-**Important** - Notez que les numéros entre parenthèses indiquent les sections disponibles.
+       The /etc/passwd file is a text file that describes user login accounts for the system.  It should have read permission allowed for all users (many utilities, like ls(1) use it to map
-</WRAP>
+       user IDs to usernames), but write access only for the superuser.
-====Options de la commande====
+       In the good old days there was no great problem with this general read permission.  Everybody could read the encrypted passwords, but the hardware was too slow to crack a well-chosen
+       password, and moreover the basic assumption used to be that of a friendly user-community.  These days many people run some version of the shadow password suite, where /etc/passwd has
+       an 'x' character in the password field, and the encrypted passwords are in /etc/shadow, which is readable by the superuser only.
-Les options de cette commande sont :
+       If the encrypted password, whether in /etc/passwd or in /etc/shadow, is an empty string, login is allowed without even asking for a password.  Note that  this  functionality  may  be
+       intentionally disabled in applications, or configurable (for example using the "nullok" or "nonull" arguments to pam_unix.so).
-<code>
+       If the encrypted password in /etc/passwd is "*NP*" (without the quotes), the shadow record should be obtained from an NIS+ server.
-[root@centos7 ~]# man --help
-Usage: man [OPTION...] [SECTION] PAGE...
-  -C, --config-file=FILE     use this user configuration file
+       Regardless  of whether shadow passwords are used, many system administrators use an asterisk (*) in the encrypted password field to make sure that this user can not authenticate him-
-  -d, --debug                emit debugging messages
+       or herself using a password.  (But see NOTES below.)
-  -D, --default              reset all options to their default values
-      --warnings[=WARNINGS]  enable warnings from groff
- Main modes of operation:
+       If you create a new login, first put an asterisk (*) in the password field, then use passwd(1) to set it.
-  -f, --whatis               equivalent to whatis
-  -k, --apropos              equivalent to apropos
-  -K, --global-apropos       search for text in all pages
-  -l, --local-file           interpret PAGE argument(s) as local filename(s)
-  -w, --where, --path, --location
-                             print physical location of man page(s)
-  -W, --where-cat, --location-cat
-                             print physical location of cat file(s)
-  -c, --catman               used by catman to reformat out of date cat pages
+       Each line of the file describes a single user, and contains seven colon-separated fields:
-  -R, --recode=ENCODING      output source page encoded in ENCODING
- Finding manual pages:
+           name:password:UID:GID:GECOS:directory:shell
-  -L, --locale=LOCALE        define the locale for this particular man search
-  -m, --systems=SYSTEM       use manual pages from other systems
-  -M, --manpath=PATH         set search path for manual pages to PATH
-  -S, -s, --sections=LIST    use colon separated section list
+       The field are as follows:
-  -e, --extension=EXTENSION  limit search to extension type EXTENSION
+       name        This is the user's login name.  It should not contain capital letters.
-  -i, --ignore-case          look for pages case-insensitively (default)
+       password    This is either the encrypted user password, an asterisk (*), or the letter 'x'.  (See pwconv(8) for an explanation of 'x'.)
-  -I, --match-case           look for pages case-sensitively
-      --regex                show all pages matching regex
+       UID         The privileged root login account (superuser) has the user ID 0.
-      --wildcard             show all pages matching wildcard
-      --names-only           make --regex and --wildcard match page names only,
+       GID         This is the numeric primary group ID for this user.  (Additional groups for the user are defined in the system group file; see group(5)).
-                             not descriptions
-  -a, --all                  find all matching manual pages
+       GECOS       This field (sometimes called the "comment field") is optional and used only for informational purposes.  Usually, it contains the full username.  Some programs (for exam‐
-  -u, --update               force a cache consistency check
+                   ple, finger(1)) display information from this field.
-      --no-subpages          don't try subpages, e.g. 'man foo bar' => 'man
+                   GECOS  stands for "General Electric Comprehensive Operating System", which was renamed to GCOS when GE's large systems division was sold to Honeywell.  Dennis Ritchie has
-                             foo-bar'
+                   reported: "Sometimes we sent printer output or batch jobs to the GCOS machine.  The gcos field in the password file was a place to stash the information for  the  $IDENT‐
+ Manual page passwd(5) line 1 (press h for help or q to quit)
+</code>
- Controlling formatted output:
+====2.1 - Les Commandes mandb et whatis====
-  -P, --pager=PAGER          use program PAGER to display output
-  -r, --prompt=STRING        provide the `less' pager with a prompt
-  -7, --ascii                display ASCII translation of certain latin1 chars
+Chaque page de manuel contient une brève description. Ces descriptions ainsi que le nom du manuel sont stockés dans la base de données **whatis**.
-  -E, --encoding=ENCODING    use selected output encoding
-      --no-hyphenation, --nh turn off hyphenation
-      --no-justification,                              --nj   turn off justification
-  -p, --preprocessor=STRING  STRING indicates which preprocessors to run:
-                             e - [n]eqn, p - pic, t - tbl,
-g - grap, r - refer, v - vgrind
-  -t, --troff                use groff to format pages
+Cette base de données peut être maintenue manuellement par root en invoquant l'exécutable **/usr/bin/mandb**.
-  -T, --troff-device[=DEVICE]   use groff with selected device
-  -H, --html[=BROWSER]       use elinks or BROWSER to display HTML output
+L'utilisation de **mandb** est très simple :
-  -X, --gxditview[=RESOLUTION]   use groff and display through gxditview
-                             (X11):
-                             -X = -TX75, -X100 = -TX100, -X100-12 = -TX100-12
-  -Z, --ditroff              use groff and force it to produce ditroff
-  -?, --help                 give this help list
+<code>
-      --usage                give a short usage message
+[root@centos8 ~]# mandb
-  -V, --version              print program version
+Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/overrides...
+Updating index cache for path `/usr/share/man/overrides/man3'. Wait...done.
+Checking for stray cats under /usr/share/man/overrides...
+Checking for stray cats under /var/cache/man/overrides...
+...
+Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/pt...
+Purging old database entries in /usr/local/share/man...
+Processing manual pages under /usr/local/share/man...
+man subdirectories contained newer manual pages.
+manual pages were added.
+stray cats were added.
+old database entries were purged.
+</code>
-Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
+La commande **whatis** peut maintenant être utilisée pour identifier les sections des manuels disponibles pour une commande donnée :
-for any corresponding short options.
-Report bugs to cjwatson@debian.org.
+<code>
+[root@centos8 ~]# whatis passwd
+openssl-passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes
+passwd (1)           - update user's authentication tokens
+passwd (5)           - password file
 </code>
-=====La Commande apropos=====
+====2.2 - La Commande apropos====
 La commande **apropos** cherche dans la base de données **whatis** la chaine de caractères passée en argument à la commande. Sans option, la sortie obtenue est identique à la commande **man -k** :
 <code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# apropos passwd
+[root@centos8 ~]# apropos passwd
+chgpasswd (8)        - update group passwords in batch mode
 chpasswd (8)         - update passwords in batch mode
 fgetpwent_r (3)      - get passwd file entry reentrantly
@@ Ligne 344: / Ligne 354: @@
 gpasswd (1)          - administer /etc/group and /etc/gshadow
 grub2-mkpasswd-pbkdf2 (1) - Generate a PBKDF2 password hash.
-kpasswd (1)          - change a user's Kerberos password
 lpasswd (1)          - Change group or user password
-lppasswd (1)         - add, change, or delete digest passwords.
+openssl-passwd (1ssl) - compute password hashes
 pam_localuser (8)    - require users to be listed in /etc/passwd
 passwd (1)           - update user's authentication tokens
-sslpasswd (1ssl)     - compute password hashes
 passwd (5)           - password file
 passwd2des (3)       - RFS password encryption
-pwhistory_helper (8) - Helper binary that transfers password hashes from passwd or shadow to ...
+pwhistory_helper (8) - Helper binary that transfers password hashes from passwd or shadow to opasswd
 smbpasswd (5)        - The Samba encrypted password file
-smbpasswd (8)        - change a user's SMB password
-userpasswd (1)       - A graphical tool to allow users to change their passwords.
-vncpasswd (1)        - change the VNC password
-</code>
-====Options de la commande====
-Les options de cette commande sont :
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# apropos --help
-Usage: apropos [OPTION...] KEYWORD...
-  -d, --debug                emit debugging messages
-  -v, --verbose              print verbose warning messages
-  -e, --exact                search each keyword for exact match
-  -r, --regex                interpret each keyword as a regex
-  -w, --wildcard             the keyword(s) contain wildcards
-  -a, --and                  require all keywords to match
-  -l, --long                 do not trim output to terminal width
-  -C, --config-file=FILE     use this user configuration file
-  -L, --locale=LOCALE        define the locale for this search
-  -m, --systems=SYSTEM       use manual pages from other systems
-  -M, --manpath=PATH         set search path for manual pages to PATH
-  -s, --sections=LIST, --section=LIST
-                             search only these sections (colon-separated)
-  -?, --help                 give this help list
-      --usage                give a short usage message
-  -V, --version              print program version
-Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
-for any corresponding short options.
-The --regex option is enabled by default.
-Report bugs to cjwatson@debian.org.
-</code>
-=====Les Commandes makewhatis et whatis sous RHEL/CentOS 6.6=====
-Chaque page de manuel contient une brève description. Ces descriptions ainsi que le nom du manuel sont stockés dans la base de données **whatis**.
-Cette base de données peut être maintenue manuellement par root en invoquant l'exécutable **/usr/bin/makewhatis**.
-L'utilisation de **makewhatis** est très simple :
-<code>
-[root@centos6 ~]# makewhatis
-</code>
-La commande **whatis** peut maintenant être utilisée pour identifier les sections des manuels disponibles pour une commande donnée :
-<code>
-[root@centos6 ~]# whatis passwd
-passwd               (1)  - update user's authentication tokens
-passwd               (5)  - password file
-passwd [sslpasswd]   (1ssl)  - compute password hashes
-</code>
-====Options des commandes====
-Les options de la commande **makewhatis** sont :
-<code>
-[root@centos6 ~]# makewhatis --help
-Usage: makewhatis [-s sections] [-u] [-v] [-w] [manpath] [-c [catpath]] [-o whatisdb]
-       This will build the whatis database for the man pages
-       found in manpath and the cat pages found in catpath.
-       -s: sections (default: 1 1p 8 2 3 3p 4 5 6 7 9 0p n l p o 1x 2x 3x 4x 5x 6x 7x 8x)
-       -u: update database with pages added today
-       -U: update database with pages added since last makewhatis run
-       -v: verbose
-       -o: location of whatis database (default: /var/cache/man/whatis)
-       -w: use manpath obtained from `man --path`
-       [manpath]: man directories (default: /usr/share/man)
-       [catpath]: cat directories (default: the first existing
-           directory in /usr/share/man)
-</code>
-Les options de la commande **whatis** sont :
-<code>
-[root@centos6 ~]# whatis --help
-usage: whatis keyword ...
-</code>
-=====Les Commandes mandb et whatis sous RHEL/CentOS 7=====
-Sous RHEL/CentOS 7 la base de données peut être maintenue manuellement par root en invoquant l'exécutable **/bin/mandb** ou **/usr/bin/mandb**.
-L'utilisation de **mandb** est très simple :
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# mandb
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man...
-mandb: warning: /usr/share/man/man8/fsck.fat.8.manpage-fix.gz: ignoring bogus filename
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/ca...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/ca...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/cs...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/cs...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/da...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/da...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/de...
-Processing manual pages under /usr/share/man/de...
-Purging old database entries in /usr/share/man/en...
-...
-man subdirectories contained newer manual pages.
-manual pages were added.
-stray cats were added.
-old database entries were purged.
-</code>
-La commande **whatis** peut maintenant être utilisée pour identifier les sections des manuels disponibles pour une commande donnée :
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# whatis passwd
 sslpasswd (1ssl)     - compute password hashes
-passwd (1)           - update user's authentication tokens
-passwd (5)           - password file
 </code>
-====Options des commandes====
+Le résultat est une liste de commandes suivies par une description brève de celles-ci.
-Les options de la commande **mandb** sont :
+<WRAP center round important 60%>
+**Important** - Notez que les numéros entre parenthèses indiquent les sections disponibles.
-<code>
+</WRAP>
-[root@centos7 ~]# mandb --help
-Usage: mandb [OPTION...] [MANPATH]
-  -c, --create               create dbs from scratch, rather than updating
-  -C, --config-file=FILE     use this user configuration file
-  -d, --debug                emit debugging messages
-  -f, --filename=FILENAME    update just the entry for this filename
-  -p, --no-purge             don't purge obsolete entries from the dbs
-  -q, --quiet                work quietly, except for 'bogus' warning
-  -s, --no-straycats         don't look for or add stray cats to the dbs
-  -t, --test                 check manual pages for correctness
-  -u, --user-db              produce user databases only
-  -?, --help                 give this help list
-      --usage                give a short usage message
-  -V, --version              print program version
-Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
-for any corresponding short options.
-Report bugs to cjwatson@debian.org.
-</code>
-Les options de la commande **whatis** sont :
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# whatis --help
-Usage: whatis [OPTION...] KEYWORD...
-  -d, --debug                emit debugging messages
-  -v, --verbose              print verbose warning messages
-  -r, --regex                interpret each keyword as a regex
-  -w, --wildcard             the keyword(s) contain wildcards
-  -l, --long                 do not trim output to terminal width
-  -C, --config-file=FILE     use this user configuration file
-  -L, --locale=LOCALE        define the locale for this search
-  -m, --systems=SYSTEM       use manual pages from other systems
-  -M, --manpath=PATH         set search path for manual pages to PATH
-  -s, --sections=LIST, --section=LIST
-                             search only these sections (colon-separated)
-  -?, --help                 give this help list
-      --usage                give a short usage message
-  -V, --version              print program version
-Mandatory or optional arguments to long options are also mandatory or optional
-for any corresponding short options.
-Report bugs to cjwatson@debian.org.
-</code>
-=====La Commande info=====
+=====LAB #3 - La Commande info=====
 En plus du système des manuels, des informations concernant des exécutables peuvent être trouvées dans le système **info**. De l'information détaillée, des exemples et des tutoriels peuvent être absents du système des manuels. Pour cette raison le système **info** a été créé.
@@ Ligne 553: / Ligne 394: @@
 <code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# info
+[root@centos8 ~]# info
 ...
-File: dir       Node: Top       This is the top of the INFO tree
+File: dir,      Node: Top,      This is the top of the INFO tree.
-  This (the Directory node) gives a menu of major topics.
+This is the Info main menu (aka directory node).
-  Typing "q" exits, "?" lists all Info commands, "d" returns here,
+A few useful Info commands:
-  "h" gives a primer for first-timers,
-  "mEmacs<Return>" visits the Emacs topic, etc.
-  In Emacs, you can click mouse button 2 on a menu item or cross reference
+  'q' quits;
-  to select it.
+  'H' lists all Info commands;
+  'h' starts the Info tutorial;
+  'mTexinfo RET' visits the Texinfo manual, etc.
 * Menu:
 Archiving
@@ Ligne 572: / Ligne 413: @@
 Basics
+* Bash: (bash).                 The GNU Bourne-Again SHell.
 * Common options: (coreutils)Common options.
 * Coreutils: (coreutils).       Core GNU (file, text, shell) utilities.
 * Date input formats: (coreutils)Date input formats.
+* Ed: (ed).                     The GNU line editor
 * File permissions: (coreutils)File permissions.
                                 Access modes.
------Info: (dir)Top, 2027 lines --Top-----------------------------------------------------------
+* Finding files: (find).        Operating on files matching certain criteria.
-Welcome to Info version 5.1. Type h for help, m for menu item.
+* time: (time).                 GNU time Utility
-</code>
-====Options de la commande====
+Compression
+-----Info: (dir)Top, 307 lines --Top------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Les options de cette commande sont :
+Welcome to Info version 6.5.  Type H for help, h for tutorial.
-<code>
-[root@centos7 ~]# info --help
-Usage: info [OPTION]... [MENU-ITEM...]
-Read documentation in Info format.
-Options:
-  -k, --apropos=STRING         look up STRING in all indices of all manuals.
-  -d, --directory=DIR          add DIR to INFOPATH.
-      --dribble=FILENAME       remember user keystrokes in FILENAME.
-  -f, --file=FILENAME          specify Info file to visit.
-  -h, --help                   display this help and exit.
-      --index-search=STRING    go to node pointed by index entry STRING.
-  -n, --node=NODENAME          specify nodes in first visited Info file.
-  -o, --output=FILENAME        output selected nodes to FILENAME.
-  -R, --raw-escapes            output "raw" ANSI escapes (default).
-      --no-raw-escapes         output escapes as literal text.
-      --restore=FILENAME       read initial keystrokes from FILENAME.
-  -O, --show-options, --usage  go to command-line options node.
-      --strict-node-location   (for debugging) use Info file pointers as-is.
-      --subnodes               recursively output menu items.
-      --vi-keys                use vi-like and less-like key bindings.
-      --version                display version information and exit.
-  -w, --where, --location      print physical location of Info file.
-The first non-option argument, if present, is the menu entry to start from;
-it is searched for in all `dir' files along INFOPATH.
-If it is not present, info merges all `dir' files and shows the result.
-Any remaining arguments are treated as the names of menu
-items relative to the initial node visited.
-For a summary of key bindings, type h within Info.
-Examples:
-  info                       show top-level dir menu
-  info info                  show the general manual for Info readers
-  info info-stnd             show the manual specific to this Info program
-  info emacs                 start at emacs node from top-level dir
-  info emacs buffers         start at buffers node within emacs manual
-  info --show-options emacs  start at node with emacs' command line options
-  info --subnodes -o out.txt emacs  dump entire manual to out.txt
-  info -f ./foo.info         show file ./foo.info, not searching dir
-Email bug reports to bug-texinfo@gnu.org,
-general questions and discussion to help-texinfo@gnu.org.
-Texinfo home page: http://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo/
 </code>
 -----
-<html>
+Copyright © 2024 Hugh Norris.
-<div align="center">
-Copyright © 2020 Hugh Norris.<br><br>
-</div>
-</html>
------

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